Clinical Research on Foot & Ankle
Open Access

Despite advances in medicine and surgical area, major lower limb amputation is still a worldwide problem. Peripheral arterial disease, at the stage of critical ischemia, leads to amputation within a year in 30% of cases [1]. This intervention is obviously reserved to those cases when endovascular or surgical revascularization is not possible or unsuccessful. Numerous studies over the last 30 years have proven that the major amputation of the lower limb is associated with a high mortality in the short and long term, as well as a high incidence of local and systemic complications [2-4].

Our study is aimed to analyze perioperative complications and mortality after major amputation in patients affected by critical limb ischemia (CLI). The objective of this study is also to investigate the relationship between patient comorbidities and postoperative outcomes.

The study was based on a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. All patients who underwent major lower extremity amputations, from January 2004 to March 2017, were identified. The analysis was limited to above–knee (AKA) and below–knee amputations (BKA) performed for vascular disease, major amputations resulting from trauma, cancer and infection were excluded. Demographic and clinical data, procedural information and postoperative complications (level of amputation, reamputation and perioperative mortality) were collected.

Categorical variables were presented as frequencies with percentages and continuous variables as means with SDs. Comparisons of categorical data were pursued with χ2 and Fisher exact tests. Comparisons of nonparametric continuous data were investigated using the Mann-Whitney U test. Multivariate analysis was run using logistic regression to identify variables associated with perioperative complications, reintervention, and perioperative mortality. Multivariate model was fit for variables that were marginally associated with outcomes on univariate analysis (p<0.1). Level of association was described in odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival were calculated at 1, 2 and 5 years. Level of association was described in hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). p values<0.05 were considered significant. Analysis was performed using IBM SPSS (SPSS, Chicago, Ill).

One hundred forty consecutive major lower extremity amputations were performed during the study period in patients affected by CLI. Patient demographics and comorbidities are listed in Table 1. The mean age was 74.8 ± 10.9 years. The majority of cases were men (66.4%) and former or current smokers (56.5%). At the time of enrolment, 114 patients (81.4%) had a history of hypertension, 91 patients had hyperlipidemia (65%) and 92 patients suffered from diabetes (65.7%). Ninety-one patients (65%) underwent ipsilateral lower extremity procedure previously. These data were displayed in Table 1. Of the 140 amputations performed, 31 (22.1%) were transtibial amputation and 109 (77.9%) were transfemoral one (Table 1). The median (25th, 75th percentile) length of stay was 13 days (7 days, 22 days). All perioperative complications are reported in Table 2. Complication rate was 20% (n=28). Nine (39.1%) of 23 cases of wound dehiscence required a conversion to a higher-level amputation (3 above-knee amputation and 6 coxofemoral hindlimb disarticulation). The relationships between comorbidities and perioperative complications are examined. They are summarized in Table 3. Hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction were selected for multivariate analysis. There was a confirmed association between perioperative complications and congestive heart failure (or 2.8, p=0.02), COPD (or 0.3, p=0.02) and hypertension (or 10.5, p=0.02). In-hospital mortality rate was 26.4% (n=37), 28.4% (n=31) of AKA patients and 19.3% (n=6) of BKA one (p=0.3). Univariate analysis of factors associated with in hospital mortality was performed (Table 4) and among these factors, congestive heart failure was significantly associated with this outcome (or 2.3, p=0.04). No significant association was observed between level of amputation and in-hospital mortality.

Table 1: Patient demographics, comorbidities and procedure details.

Table 2: Postoperative complications.

Table 3: Patient demographics, comorbidities and perioperative complications.

Table 4: Patient demographics, comorbidities and in-hospital mortality.

The median (25th, 75th percentile) follow-up was 16 months (3 month, 47 months). Survival at 1, 2 and 5 years was 61.6%, 58.1% and 39.3% respectively (Figure 1). Univariate analysis revealed that only age (OR 3.8, p=0.001) was significant predictor of mortality. It was calculated long-term survival stratified by amputation level (Figure 2). Survival at 1, 2 and 5 years in above-knee amputation group was 53.3%, 50.2% and 33.3% respectively, compared with below-knee amputation group, in which survival at 1, 2 and 5 years was 88%, 83.1% and 58.2% respectively (p=0.004). Comparing preoperative characteristics that could justify this result, the advanced age was statistically significant in patients underwent transfemoral amputation (p=0.04).

Figure 1: Survival rate after major lower limb amputation.

Figure 2: Survival stratified by amputation level. AKA: Above Knee Amputation; BKA: Below Knee Amputation.

CLI is associated with high mortality rates of up to 25% after 1 year and up to 64% after 4 years [5,6]. Major amputation is indicated when any other therapeutic option has failed or gangrene and/or infection are too spread. Survival rates after major amputation in patients with CLI are limited [7,8]. Stratifying the level of major amputation, Malone et al. described a higher mortality in patients underwent to above-knee amputation (20%-40%) than patients with below-knee amputation (3%-10%) [9]. Literature has emphasized a high rate of perioperative complications after major amputation. According to a multicentre study, only 42% of the stumps recovered without complications [10]. In a review of Dormandy et al. 20% of transtibial amputation, 22% of disarticulation of the knee and 8% of the transfemoral amputations had revisioned or underwent a reamputation [4]. Other studies suggest that the primary healing of below-knee amputations varies between 30 and 92% and that the number of reamputations varies between 4% and 30% [11]. In the work of Dillingham et al. reamputation rates were approximately 19.7% for the BKA and 12% for the AKA [12]. In the present study, postoperative complications rate was 20% with a reamputation rate of 6.4%. Congestive heart failure, COPD and hypertension were also reported to have an adverse effect on perioperative complications.

According with scientific literature, it can be assumed that a lower level of amputation offers major advantages in terms of perioperative mortality but fewer advantages in terms of number of reamputations [4,12,13]. The analysis proved to be in accordance with the literature, showing a high rate of mortality during follow up; survival at 1, 2 and 5 years was respectively 61.6%, 58.1% and 39.3%.

In some studies, more than 50% of the patients died after 2 years and 70% after 5 years [14,15]. Fortington et al. showed a mortality at 30 days of 22%, at 1 year of 44% and at 5 years of 77% [16]. Multiple studies found significant relationships between risk factors and composite adverse outcomes in patients with CLI who underwent to major amputation. As a matter of fact, advanced age, COPD, dialysis and high cardiologic risk are associated with significant increase of mortality [17]. In this study, age over 75 years was as a remarkable risk factor for mortality.

Although diabetes mellitus is associated with a high risk of major amputation, the present analysis did not find, in agreement with other studies, significant association with mortality risk [13,18-21].

Level of amputation was associated with increased long-term mortality. This data is in agreement with a retrospective study of Aulivola et al. the overall survival was 69.7 % and 34.7% at 1 and 5 years, respectively. Survival was worse for above-knee amputations (50.6% and 22.5%) than below-knee amputations (74.5% and 37.8%) [22].

Despite the endovascular and surgical techniques improve perfusion in patients with CLI, in many instances, the major amputation remains the only surgical option. At present, major amputation remains associated with high complication and mortality rates and some comorbidities seem to be associated with these outcomes.