Community Based Magnitude of Obstetric Emergencies in Rural Women with Low Resources

strong>Chhabra S^*

Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, India

*Corresponding Author:

Chhabra S
Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, India
Tel: 917152284341
E-mail: chhabra_s@rediffmail.com

Received date: December 02, 2016; Accepted date: February 22, 2017; Published date: February 27, 2017

Citation: Chhabra S (2017) Community Based Magnitude of Obstetric Emergencies in Rural Women with Low Resources. J Preg Child Health 4:303. doi:10.4172/2376-127X.1000303

Copyright: © 2017 Chhabra S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Visit for more related articles at Journal of Pregnancy and Child Health

Abstract

Background: Rural women with low resources do not get timely and appropriate care for obstetric emergencies. Awareness in women, communities about emergencies, action needed, helps in getting quick, right therapy for prevent ion of maternal, perinatal morbidity, mortality. Objective: To know community based numbers, types of emergencies for which rural women sought care during pregnancy, labour, postpartum. Methodology: Present article is based on analysis of records of women who sought referral care for emergencies during pregnancy, labour, postpartum from communities of 53 villages with low resources, being served through nurse midwives. Results: Of 10117 births in 53 villages during analysis period, 656 (6.48 %) women sought emergency care. 458 (7.52% of 6087 births) were from nearby villages, being served since more than two and half decades (called old), 198 (4.91% of 4030 births) from far off villages, being served since around one and half decade (called new). Emergency services were for placental abruption, hypertensive disorders, obstructed labour (due to cephalopelvic disproportion or abnormal presentation), non-progress of labour or postpartum haemorrhage, with no significant change over years. Maternal deaths due to pregnancy, labour, post-partum complications have been almost eliminated. Perinatal mortality has reduced, though it is still high. No woman reported with septic abortion or rupture uterus in last decade. In old villages, 44% were home births between 1987-1990, 6.2% between 2011-2014. In new 38.2% were home births between 1996 to 1999 and 12.40% between 2011-2014. Conclusion: Nurse midwives can do a lot for prevention of fatal emergencies, maternal, perinatal deaths with some limitations. About some disorders more information is needed for best of heal7th of women. Research needs to continue.

Keywords

Rural women; Obstetric emergencies; Deaths; Prevention; Nurse midwives.

Introduction

Pacagnella et al. [1] reported that, Thaddeus and Maine were the ones who recognized that timely and appropriate management of obstetric complications are major factors in reducing maternal deaths. Efforts continue to be made to strengthen health systems’ ability to prevent complications, if they occur, timely identification, timely transfer and timely, appropriate management for prevention of severity of complications and deaths. Arsenault et al. [2] reported poor accessibility and affordability of emergency obstetric care with consequences. It has been reported that globally 80% of maternal deaths occur due to disorders which can be either prevented or treated at a well-staffed and well equipped health facility. For this it is essential that the women reach such facilities in time. They need to be aware of possibilities and action needed. Critical look into the multiple delays with their multiple prongs is essential.

Some obstetric disorders are preventable some not, so emergencies are going to be there. In spite of disorders, severity can be reduced and mortality prevented, even for rural women with low resources by providing community based care, awareness and advocacy by skilled midwives with appropriate knowledge and referral backup available. Timely diagnosis and therapy are the keys for prevention of severity of illnesses and deaths.

Objective

Present rural community based analytical study was done to know the magnitude and type of emergencies during pregnancy, labour and postpartum and the maternal/perinatal outcome in rural women with low resources.

Materials and Methods

Community based services are being provided to the rural women, by retrained nurse midwives based at the institution, where the study has been done after ethics committee’s approval. Nurse midwives provide basic prenatal care, advocacy about labour, postpartum and create awareness amongst women and their families about likely emergencies during pregnancy, labour and postpartum and the importance of timely, essential appropriate emergency care. These nurse midwives are supervised by the team at referral, including postgraduate medical students of obstetrics-gynaecology, under the guidance of the author. Postgraduates check the records of events about each visit by nurse midwives to the village. Most of the women with disorders during pregnancy, birth, seek services at the referral institute, where the analysis has been done, however some women do seek services from other places, but they are also part of the present analysis. Nurse midwives visit each village 5 times a year, through an inbuilt system of local help for identifying the pregnant, delivered and postpartum women. However, some women are available for care and advice only three times or even twice during pregnancy, because of various problems of their everyday life. Though guidance is provided to all the pregnant women and all women are advised hospital delivery, the place of delivery is decided by the family. Some women still deliver at home. The present article is based on the analysis of records of the women who sought care for various obstetric disorders, which needed therapy in emergency during pregnancy, labour and postpartum, over last 27 years (1987-2014) in 25 villages around 25-35 km from the institute (called old villages) and over 18 years (1996-2014) in 28 other villages, 75-85 km from the institute (called new villages). Some villages are small, others large with population of 300 to 1500 in each village. It is not old or new village, but according to services initiation.

Results

In these 53 villages there were 10117 births, (6087 in 25 old and 4030 in 28 new villages) during the period of analysis. In villages being served since 1987 (old), 44% women had home births, between 1987 to 1990 (base data). Home births decreased to 6.2% between 2011-2014. In villages being served since 1996 (new), there were 38.2% home births between 1996 to 1999 (base data) which decreased to 12.40% between 2011-2014. Over all there has been increase in births at the health facilities (place of study, primary health centres/private hospitals) (Table 1).

Table 1: Place of birth.

Of the 10117 women, 656 (6.48%) reported with obstetric emergencies, 458 (7.52%) of 6087 births in women of old villages and 198 (4.91%) of 4030 births in women of new villages. There has not been significant change in the numbers and types of emergencies over the years, but there were no cases of septic abortion or rupture uterus. Also there has been no case of eclampsia in old villages since last one and a half decade and since one decade in new villages. Some women did report with obstructed labour due to delay in getting transport in emergency.

Of 656 women who sought care for emergencies, 443 (67.53%) had caesarean sections (CS). Indications of CS were, placental abruption, malpresentations, non-progress of labour with or without cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) and some diagnosed as fetal distress (FD) too.

From old villages, of 458 women, 93 (20.30%) had hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, 58 (12.66%) previous CS, 58 (12.66%) abnormal presentations, [7 transverse lie with cord prolapse and 5 hand prolapse], 48(10.48%) prolonged labour due to cephalopelvic disproportion, 10 (2.18%) obstructed labour, 33 (7.20%) non-progress of labor, 23(5.02%) placental abruption, 19 (4.14%) with postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), 3 (0.65%) eclampsia, and 38 (8.29%) had medical disorders (23 severe anaemia, 8 cardiac disorders, 7 infections) (Table 2).

Table 2: Obstetric emergencies (EM ADM: Emergency Admission; CS: Caesarean Section; EC: Eclampsia; PL AB: Placental Abruption; FD: Fetal Distress; PR: Prolapse; HTN: Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy; MDS: Medical diseases; NPOL: Non Progress of Labor; Prev CS: Previous Caesarean Section; CPD: Cephalo-Pelvic Disproportion; AbP: Abnormal Presentation).

From new villages 198 women (4.91% of births) sought care for emergencies due to various disorders, 12 (6.06%) placental abruption, 2 (1.01%) obstructed labour, 35 (17.67%) hypertensive disorders, 23 (11.61%) previous CS in labour, 23 (11.61%) abnormal presentations, 18 (9.09%) CPD, 22 (11.11%) unexplained NPOL, 8 (4.04%) medical disorders (6 severe anaemia and 2 cardiac disorders), 2 (1.01%) cord prolapse and 7 (3.53%) for PPH.

Overall obstetric problems like cord prolapse, hand prolapse, eclampsia and obstructed labour had decreasing trend. In last decade no woman reported with hand prolapse or eclampsia. Major persisting problems for which emergency care was sought, were placental abruption and PPH, even in recent past.

Overall community based perinatal mortality rate (PMR) was 31.14 between 1987–2014 in old villages, with decreasing trend from 48.9 in 1987 to 15.09 in 2014. In new villages, it was 26.47 between 1996–2014, with decreasing trend from 38.12 in 1996 to 19.85 in 2014. Overall the major causes of perinatal deaths were low birth weight (LBW) and neonatal sepsis. There was no severe maternal morbidity which could cause permanent damage like urinary or bowel fistula or hysterectomy for obstetric disorders. Deaths due to pregnancy or labour related causes in last eighteen years and thirteen years respectively in old and new villages have been almost eliminated. A woman was lost 5 years back due to retained placenta and haemorrhage. There have been deaths of pregnant and postpartum women one suicide, one murder, and a death due to sickle cell disease.

Discussion

Many life threatening complications during pregnancy, labour and postpartum are neither predictable nor preventable, however they are treatable if the knowledge, skill nor resources are available in time. However rural women experience poorer health outcomes and have less access to healthcare than urban women. While health facility deliveries are being advocated, traditional birth attendants (TBA) are disappearing except for few countries. It is essential to understand TBAs’ role in providing support during pregnancy. With necessary training, providing essential supportive supervision and reward those, who comply with the standard guidelines for desired services, a lot can be done [3].

It is very well known that outcome of pregnancy and labour largely depends on emergency obstetric care (EmOC). Nyamtema et al. [4] reported that the vast majority of maternal mortalities and severe morbidities can be averted, even where resources are limited, if timely interventions are done. Moran et al. [5] reported that seeking care from a basic or comprehensive facility in response to obstetric complications needs to be the key behavior promoted in safe motherhood programmes. Honda et al. [6] also reported that timely access to EmOC is essential to save the lives of women experiencing complications at delivery, and for new-borns. In the present analysis, it was revealed that 656 (6.48% of births), women sought care for emergencies. Many of them had serious disorders like placental abruption, PPH, but deaths could be prevented, because women reported timely to the referral hospital where infrastructure,

Life-saving drugs, tools, blood transfusion and emergency surgery were available. Awareness created by nurse midwives and the system created by the villagers and the institute helped save lives. McCord et al. [7] reported obstetric complications in 11.4% with 85 % home births. The rates differ so much because of imprecise definition of an ‘obstetric complication’. Even in a hospital it is hard to define when bleeding or prolonged labour becomes a real complication. Retrospective surveys generally give much higher rates of such emergencies than prospective studies [8]. It is generally believed that between 10 to 15% of pregnancies develop a complication that will need an equipped hospital [7]. In the present study, overall only 6.48% (656 out of 10117) women sought emergency care. This could also be due to the fact that some cases that were likely to develop complications were admitted electively to the hospital because of advocacy; awareness created by the nurse midwives and was managed electively. The figures of emergencies are less than reported, but it is also possible that in some emergency situations, women neither sought care nor informed the nurse midwives and somehow did well. Some women with disorders might have stayed back because the condition was not serious, and did not cause any major problem; neither sought care from any health facility, nor reported during home visits. According to Moran et al. [5] local definitions of care seeking must be considered in intervention designs so that promotion of care seeking increases for facility-based care for life-threatening emergencies. Emergency care requires not only that the patient, caregiver, or family, recognize that a life-threatening or life-changing condition is occurring, and that there is a need to seek care, but also timely access to adequate care is available. Given the unpredictable nature of emergencies, there are few quick fixes. However, strong emergency systems can prevent delays at critical times. Such systems do not require massive resource allocation but rather a cost-effective, informed approach that emphasizes the proven life-saving interventions that are appropriate to the context. Improving access to emergency care, by minimizing the three main delays in the delivery of such care, has the potential to reduce mortality in every field, system and population [9].

In the earlier years when the services were initiated in these villages, women used to report to the referral health facility with critical condition. But by providing, information about likely emergencies during pregnancy, labour and post-partum and importance of emergency transfer through nurse midwives, the first two “ delays” (delay in deciding to seek care and delay in reaching appropriate care), have been partly overcome. Though there has not been a drastic decrease in type and number of emergencies due to haemorrhage and complications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy but women reported in time. Availability of blood transfusion, anaesthesia facilities and critical care at the referral, mortality could be reduced to almost nil, because third “delay” (delay in receiving care at health facility) was also taken care. In practice, it is crucial to address the third delay first, for it would be useless to facilitate access to health facility, if facility was not well staffed and well equipped. Bartlett et al. [10] reported a study of 2.7 million deliveries across seven developing countries which revealed that only one third of women who needed life-saving care for complications, received it and this seems the largest inequality in the world. What has been done here, is a drop in the ocean needed for saving lives in India, but is practically feasible.

In the present study there has been slow increase in the number of hospital births, including the institution, where the study has been done. In old villages 37% deliveries were at the base hospital in the year 1987-1990 and 88% between the 2011-2014, which is 138% increase from 1987-1990, highly significant difference (p value <0.001). Reasons seem to be the confidence and faith developed proximity of the villages to the institute, and better roads. The percentage of women from new villages who delivered at the base hospital has also increased from 7.1% between 1996-1999 and 26% in 2011-2014, which is 271%, increase from 1996-1999, highly significant (p value <0.001) difference. The new villages are at a distance from the base hospital, hence compared to the old villages, this change is more appreciable. Over all there has been a favorable change for hospital births, from 42.5% hospital births between 1996-1999 to 78.6 % between 2009-2011 in the new villages, an increase by 84%.

Universal access to emergency care requires that all mothers and babies with complications have access to well-functioning facilities, well in time. By supervised care, educating women and families, making communities aware of possible emergencies and directing women with disorders to get hospitalized well in time and quick, appropriate emergency care, lives of women and their babies can be saved even with low resources. Sometimes even if the women are advised about emergencies and transfer to referral centre, they do not report due to lack of transport or resources, contributing to the severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Hofman et al. [11] reported that in resource-poor countries, motorcycle ambulances at rural health centers are a useful means of referral for emergency obstetric care and a relatively economical option for the health sector. In the villages being discussed, from bullock cart it changed to three wheelers. We believe that while accessible hospital back–up for all women is a must, great progress in reduction of morbidity, mortality can be achieved long before the target of 100% hospital births is achieved, by providing community based care by knowledgeable skilled workers. Nurse midwives can to some extent, fill the void of doctors in villages in India with support of communities, as there will probably be never enough obstetricians to provide services to rural women.

Present analysis reveals that trained nurse-midwives can significantly improve access to skilled maternal and neonatal care in rural areas [12]. Ogwang et al. [13] reported community sensitization by empowered community based resource persons, rather than health workers and improved quality of health care, contributes towards effective management of obstetric complications. Also the example of the Haiti's data suggests that improvements to the maternity care system, which focuses on reducing the third delay-that is, improving the quality and scope of care available at existing medical facilities, will have the greatest impact in reducing needless maternal deaths [14]. Midhet and Becker [15] reported providing safe motherhood education increased the probability of pregnant women having prenatal care and utilization of health services for obstetric complications. Although data of the present study is from a small geographical area, it sheds light to the often forgotten role of nurse midwives and community based care, advocacy in preventing mortality and major morbidity in low resource settings. Expanding the coverage of existing referral networks, improving community recognition of obstetric emergencies and improving the ability of existing medical institutions to deliver quality obstetric care, are all necessary. However, services will continue to be under-utilized if they are perceived negatively by pregnant women and their families.

Conclusion

Although data of this study is from a small geographical area, it sheds light to the often forgotten role of nurse midwives and community based care advocacy in preventing mortality and major morbidity in low resource settings. Expanding the coverage of existing referral networks, improving community recognition of obstetric emergencies, and improving the ability of existing medical institutions to deliver quality obstetric care, are all necessary. However, services will continue to be under-utilized if they are perceived negatively by pregnant women and their families. Though there has not been a drastic decrease in type and number of emergencies due to haemorrhage and complications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, women reported in time. So deaths and disabilities were prevented. There has also been slow increase in the number of hospital births, including the institution, where the study has been done.

Acknowledgement

We are grateful to the rural communities for all the co-operation.

References

1. Pacagnella RC, Cecatti JG, Osis MJ, Souza JP (2012) The role of delays in severe maternal morbidity and mortality: Expanding the conceptual framework. Reprod Health Matters 20: 155-163.
2. Arsenault C, Fournier P, Philibert A, Sissoko K, Coulibaly A, et al. (2013) Mar Emergency obstetric care in Mali: Catastrophic spending and its impoverishing effects on households. Bull World Health Organ 91: 207-216.
3. Vyagusa DB, Mubyazi GM, Masatu M (2013) Involving traditional birth attendants in emergency obstetric care in Tanzania: Policy implications of a study of their knowledge and practices in Kigoma Rural District. Int J Equity Health 12: 1.
4. Nyamtema AS, Jong Ad, Urassa DP, Hagen J, Roosmalen JV (2011) Using audit to enhance quality of maternity care in resource limited countries: Lessons learnt from rural Africa. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 11: 94.
5. Moran AC, Winch PJ, Sultana N, Kalim N, Afzal KM, et al. (2007) Patterns of maternal care seeking behaviours in rural Bangladesh. Trop Med Int Health 12: 823-832.
6. Honda A, Randaoharison PG, Matsui M (2011) Affordability of emergency obstetric and neonatal care at public hospitals in Madagascar. Reprod Health Matters 19: 10-20.
7. McCord C, Premkumar R, Arole S, Arole R (2001) Efficient and effective emergency obstetric care in a rural Indian community where most deliveries are at home. Int J Gynecol Obstet 75: 297-307.
8. Sadana R (2000) Measuring reproductive health: Review of community-based approaches to assessing morbidity. Bull World Health Organ 78: 640-654.
9. Calvello EJ, Skog AP, Tenner A, Wallis LA (2015) Applying the lessons of maternal mortality reduction to global emergency health. Bull World Health Organ 93: 417-423.
10. Bartlett L, Aitken I, Smith JM, Thomas LJ, Rosen HE, et al. (2012) 16 Addressing Maternal Health in Emergency Settings. Maternal and Perinatal Health in Developing Countries p: 210.
11. Hofman JJ, Dzimadzi C, Lungu K, Ratsma EY, Hussein J (2008) Motorcycle ambulances for referral of obstetric emergencies in rural Malawi: Do they reduce delay and what do they cost? Int J Gynecol Obstet 102: 191-197.
12. Iyengar K, Iyengar SD (2009) Emergency obstetric care and referral: Experience of two midwife-led health centres in rural Rajasthan, India. Reprod Health Matters 7: 9-20
13. Ogwang S, Najjemba R, Tumwesigye NM, Orach CG (2012) Community involvement in obstetric emergency management in rural areas: A case of Rukungiri district, Western Uganda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 12: 1.
14. Barnes-Josiah D, Myntti C, Augustin A (1998) The three delays as a framework for examining maternal mortality in Haiti. Soc Sci Med 46: 981-993.
15. Midhet F, Becker S (2010) Impact of community-based interventions on maternal and neonatal health  indicators: Results from a community randomized trial in rural Balochistan, Pakistan. Reprod health 7: 1.