Journal of Plant Genetics and Breeding
Open Access

Agroecology; Genomic microbiome; Phytocannabinoid; Plant-mycorrhizae

Introduction

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) advantageous interaction is shaped between organisms in the subphylum Glomeromycotina and most plant species, including virtually all around the world significant harvests [1]. In light of the impacts of beneficial interaction on plant supplement securing and development, advantageous interaction is viewed as significant in farming 2, 3 as well as in deciding plant wellness, variety, and conjunction in normal networks 4, 5. We argue that quantitative genetics, specifically an integrative approach combining quantitative genetics of the plant host and its fungal partner, could be used to better use the symbiosis to improve agricultural production or to better use AM fungi in ecological restoration or conservation. A conceptual framework for their integration is presented after we take into account the advancements and potential applications of quantitative genetics in both partners [2]. Although we are aware that many agronomists and ecosystem ecologists may not find the subject matter or technical details of quantitative genetics techniques to be particularly approachable, we hope to increase awareness of the potential benefits of employing an integrated quantitative genetics approach to comprehend the symbiosis in agriculture and ecosystem ecology.

It has long been recognized that interactions between plants are a major factor in the dynamics of plant communities and crop yield [3]. Our understanding of the ecological genetics associated with variation in interactions between plants remains surprisingly limited. The international PLANTCOM network identified four timely questions to advance our understanding of the mechanisms that mediate plant assemblages in this opinion piece written by researchers from complementary fields. We propose that we can improve predictions of genotype-by-genotype-by-environment interactions and modeling of productive and stable plant assemblages in wild habitats and crop fields by identifying the key relationships among phenotypic traits involved in plant–plant interactions and the underlying adaptive genetic and molecular pathways while taking environmental fluctuations into account at various spatial and temporal scales [4].

When confronted with complex abiotic and biotic conditions, medicinal plants produce a wide range of specialized compounds as protective metabolites. Throughout human history, medicinal plants have been utilized to treat ailments and maintain health. Paleontological examinations have shown that the use of restorative plants, for example, Ephedra altissimo and Centaurea solstitialis, could be traced all the way back to quite a while back since their fossils were tracked down in the burial place of ancient Neanderthals [5]. Traditional herbal medicine systems, including traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, traditional Arabic and Islamic medicine, and traditional Malay medicine, have historically been regarded as the primary natural healthcare systems worldwide. Modern phytochemical compounds were made possible by sophisticated chemical isolation and pharmacological testing methods as early as the ninth century. Artemisinin, aspirin, atropine, ephedrine, morphine, podophyllotoxin, vinblastine, and taxol are among the numerous plant natural products that scientists from both the West and the East have discovered. However, the pharmaceutical and clinical applications of herbs are frequently hindered by intractable concentrations and low or inconsistent quality [6].

Precise recognizable proof, development and atomic reproducing

The rising accessibility of reference genomes with a total genomic variety collection has helped the underpinning of sub-atomic hereditary qualities of restorative plants in the last decade.3 The size and intricacy of genomes don't upset the once more age of genome gatherings, with complex genomes addressed by Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng, and Taxus chinensis having been effectively unraveled. A flurry of inter- or intragenomic comparisons, such as those carried out in the genera Cannabis, Erythroxylum, Panax, Papaver, and Perilla,have uncovered the linkage of extensive gene content variations with pharmaceutical traits during the process of domestication or evolution at a cost that is affordable [7]. To identify allelic variants associated with variations in pharmaceutical compounds, a metabolome-based genome-wide association study that has integrated growing genomic and metabolomic resources of wild and cultivated populations of Cannabis and Perilla was carried out. This study led to the discovery of enzymes and regulators involved in specific biological processes. A genomic data set of restorative plants from worldwide pharmacopeia has been made to store all genomic groupings, which is helpful for the sub-atomic distinguishing proof of unrefined components. However, a single reference genome and short reads from resequencing cannot adequately represent a species' entire range of sequence diversity. The use of pan-genome-wide association studies for discovering genes controlling pharmaceutical traits by coupling with significantly advanced metabolomics and phenomics technologies will increase as affordable whole-genome sequencing will make it possible to accomplish more accomplishments of haplotype-resolved genomes [8].

Over the course of a few decades, systematic cultivation of medicinal plants has resulted in the release of a number of high-yield varieties, the majority of which came directly from the wild or require a lengthy generation period during breeding. In order to meet the requirements of pharmaceutical manufacturing, breeders face a significant challenge: how to speed up breeding progress while simultaneously increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of selection. Sub-atomic marker-helped reproducing offers another way to deal with creating therapeutic plant cultivars, supplementing traditional rearing choice and filling in as a very strong system [9]. What's more, in view of the extensive comprehension of the sub-atomic component of wanted attributes, all over again training has been proposed as a creative strategy for restorative plant rearing with the guide of advanced biotechnologies, particularly genome altering and hereditary change. To accomplish our new rearing objectives, taming related characteristics ought to be quickly brought into famous wild materials by using a blend of hereditary and reproducing instruments to make new cultivars that harbor helpful qualities. In particular, researchers have pushed ahead to use further developed strategies, for example, grouped routinely interspaced short palindromic rehashes related protein-9 nuclease to alter qualities encoding synergist chemicals or record factors (TFs) that control drug and harmful compound biosynthesis and guideline, accordingly working on these significant drug characteristics.

Elucidation of pathways, metabolic bioengineering, and the regulatory mechanism

Scientists can now more easily interpret the underlying genomic basis of metabolic pathways in a wide variety of medicinal plant species thanks to the explosion of transcriptome and genome sequencing data. Pioneering biosynthesis of phytochemical drugs or important intermediates, including notable cannabidiol, colchicine, glycyrrhizic acid, diosgenin, and hyoscyamine, was achieved using the transcriptome-based and previously mentioned genomic approaches [10]. It is important to note that the ubiquitous genomic annotation of metabolic genes has made it possible to mine biosynthetic gene clusters, which encode a chain of enzymes that catalyze specialized metabolites.4 Based on the information in biosynthetic genes, metabolic engineering makes it possible to reconstitute a metabolic route for their mass production through heterologous biosynthesis with plants or microorganisms. More evidence from molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis experiments, crystal structure, and molecular mechanics calculations support the catalytic promiscuity and regiospecificity of enzymes involved in the production of desirable but intractable compounds. Proficiently recognizing qualities encoding proteins engaged with the center catalysis of the drug compound biosynthesis process, performing high-throughput screening of high-yielding strains, and uncovering synergist components of center chemicals will be the difficulties in future exploration [11].

Drug compounds are frequently constitutively combined in unambiguous tissues or even disseminated in specific cells; they could be created by outside excitement in light of changing and variable conditions. A large portion of the investigations in regards to drug compounds up until this point center around control at the transcriptional level through coordinating formative and ecological prompts. These epigenomic regulators include DNA methylation, non-coding RNA, histone modification, chromatin accessibility, and the three-dimensional genome. Similarly, proteomics and mass spectrometry proof has reported that those proteins and controllers go through broad and dynamic post-transcriptional adjustments (PTMs) to manage metabolic cycles [12]. Through the addition of small molecules, proteins undergo a variety of PTMs that can alter their stability, localization, conformation, and interacting partners. These PTMs include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, and glycosylation [13]. In medicinal plants, the significance of PTMs for dynamically altering the activity of regulators in secondary metabolism and the catalytic power of enzymes will be demonstrated [14].

Conclusion

Cannabis plants with different phytocannabinoid profiles or higher THC levels have been bred for a long time, albeit in unconventional ways. An increase in inflorescence density, trichome density, and enhanced activity of phytocannabinoid biosynthesis are among the factors that may have contributed to an increase in THC levels to up to 20% of the dried flower mass. Today, the field of Marijuana research is developing at phenomenal rates, and it remains on the shoulders of the monster that is plant science and harvest research. Techniques like gene editing and plant transformation will only get better over time until they reach the same level as other crops.

Using cutting-edge genomics and biotechnology, phytocannabinoid synthases can be improved to produce plants with the desired phytocannabinoid profiles, including zero THC hemp and novel phytocannabinoids. Optimizing Cannabis architecture, sex expression, and glandular trichome density and location will be made easier with the help of databases that capture natural genetic variation as well as marker-assisted breeding and gene editing.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

None

1. Andre CM, Hausman JF, Guerriero G (2016) Cannabis sativa: the plant of the thousand and one molecules. Front Plant Sci 7: 19.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Solymosi K, Kofalvi A (2017) Cannabis: a treasure trove or Pandora’s box? Mini Rev Med Chem 17: 1223-1291.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

3. Schilling S, Dowling CA, Shi J, Hunt D,McCabe PF, et al. (2023) Biology, breeding, and applications of Cannabis sativa. Plant J 113: 437-445

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4.  Maccarrone M, Bab I, Bíró T, Cabral GA, Dey SK, et al. (2015) Endocannabinoid signaling at the periphery: 50 years after THC. Trends Pharmacol Sci 36: 277-296.

   Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

5.  Ren M, Tang Z, Wu X, Spengler R, Jiang H, et al. (2019) The origins of Cannabis smoking: chemical residue evidence from the first millennium BCE in the Pamirs. Sci Adv 5: 1391.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6.  Sánchez AIF, Suárez AIT (2018) Medical use of cannabinoids. Drugs 78: 1665-1703.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

7.  Freeman TP, Hindocha C, Green SF, Bloomfield MAP (2019) Medicinal use of Cannabis based products and cannabinoids. BMJ 4: 365:l1141.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

8.  Howlett AC, Abood ME (2017) CB1 and CB2 Receptor Pharmacology. Adv Pharmacol 80: 169-206.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

9. Gülck T, Møller BL (2020) Phytocannabinoids: origins and biosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci 25: 985-1004.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

10. Sanz GM (2016) Can you pass the acid test? Critical review and novel therapeutic perspectives of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 1: 124-130.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

11.  Grassa CJ, Weiblen GD, Wenger JP, Dabney C, Poplawski SG, et al. (2021) A new Cannabis genome assembly associates elevated cannabidiol (CBD) with hemp introgressed into marijuana. New Phytol 230: 1665-1679.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

12. Liang H, Wang L, Sha H, Zou G (2019) Development and Validation of Sex-Specific Markers in Pelodiscus Sinensis Using Restriction Site-Associated DNA Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 10: 302

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

13.  Weiblen GD, Wenger JP, Craft KJ, ElSohly KM, Mehmedic Z, et al. (2015) Marks.Gene duplication and divergence affecting drug content in Cannabis sativa. New Phytol 208: 1241-1250.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

14. Laverty KU, Stout JM, Sullivan MJ, Shah H, Gill N, et al. (2019) A physical and genetic map of Cannabis sativa identifies extensive rearrangements at the THC/CBD acid synthase loci. Genome Res 29: 146-156.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref