Neonatal and Pediatric Medicine
Open Access

Ultrasound; Larynx; Trachea; Newborn; Anatomy

Introduction

Laryngeal and tracheal diseases are a diverse group that includes congenital anatomic disorders, neoplastic changes, vocal cord paralysis of various causes, and laryngeal stenosis associated with long-term intubation. Due to the large number of diseases of these organs, diagnostic methods that not only provide answers to clinical questions but are safe and have minimal impact on patient health are constantly being sought [1].

Diagnosis of laryngeal and tracheal diseases in newborns and infants is mainly performed using endoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and CT [2]. These surveys have some challenges and are rarely used in daily practice. Challenges relate to the invasiveness of ionizing radiation procedures in upper airway endoscopy and CT. Other reasons include the need to frequently anesthetize the patient and the need to obtain special parental consent for the procedure, but this is also not critical. Additionally, applying these techniques requires a large number of highly qualified professionals for implementation and evaluation [3]. Finally, an important limitation is that most neonatal departments have limited fiberscope, MRI, or CT, requiring transportation of the patient

In the past decades, few studies have been published describing the ultrasound anatomy of the larynx in the pediatric population, particularly for the diagnosis of laryngomalacia in infants before and after intubation and vocal cord motility. Some studies in small groups of subjects (ICU patients) used poor-quality ultrasound equipment or examined only part of the larynx, so firm conclusions are inconclusive. I also have things. There are also reports in the literature of using ultrasound to assess conditions such as laryngeal cysts and vocal cord paralysis. No criteria have been published to date for the size of laryngeal and tracheal structures or the mobility of the vocal folds in neonatal ultrasonography [4]. Furthermore, no studies have described ultrasonography techniques for these organs in neonates, and relevant studies have ranged from comfortable postures for the patient, to assessment of individual laryngeal height, to describing criteria for laryngeal size. We cover all aspects. Laryngeal and tracheal structures in a large neonatal group [5]. In addition, there is no recommendation for including ultrasonography as a reliable component of the diagnosis of congenital diseases of the larynx or other diseases of this organ in the pediatric population. For adult patients, a high-quality description of the ultrasonic anatomy of the larynx using high-resolution ultrasound is available in the literature. Ultrasound is a non-invasive, reproducible and safe diagnostic method that has recently been able to display even small structures with high accuracy. Moreover, if this test becomes readily available, it may in the future enable early detection of laryngeal and tracheal disease without the need for neonatal hospitalization, anesthesia, or lengthy patient transport [6].

We plan to offer a complete ultrasound standard for the larynx and trachea. This study first describes laboratory preparation, accurate neonatal placement, and examination techniques that minimize patient comfort. Next, the focus will be on determining the size and mobility criteria of specific parts of the neonatal larynx and trachea. In addition, we plan to establish testing protocols for these organs to standardize results with other future studies. It is hoped that this protocol will educate physicians about laryngeal ultrasound and enable other investigators to conduct similar studies to measure the size and mobility of specific parts of these organs in other pediatric and neonatal populations. I’m here. In addition, the analysis of acquired ultrasound images using neural networks enables the development of algorithms. This will be an invaluable tool not only in diagnosing diseases, but also in predicting diseases that affect the further development of the newborn [7].

Test Methods

Windows are shaded and ambient light is kept subdued to avoid anxiety in newborns. At least one of her guardians must accompany the child at each checkup to ensure the comfort of the child. To avoid frightening newborns, they are not placed on a special bed, but the ultrasound is done in the crib [8]. Researchers ensure that newborns have eaten 30 minutes to two hours before the test and are completely calm and asleep. Immediately prior to the examination, the baby is sedated with 30% oral glucose solution (Glux) and a pacifier is removed if the neonate is using it. Place a small diaper roll under the newborn’s shoulder blades and tilt the head back slightly so that the neck structure is clearly visible. Researchers ensure that the face and chest surfaces of the newborn are parallel or nearly parallel each time so that the test does not interfere with the newborn’s breathing [9]. This study procedure does not affect neonatal and maternal-child care practices at participating centers. For anxiety in newborns, the ultrasound scan takes no more than 5 minutes. The patient’s parent/guardian can interrupt the ultrasound at any time during the ultrasound without giving a reason [10].

Expected Results

The main aim of this study is to accurately describe the ultrasonic anatomy of the larynx and trachea and to establish laboratory criteria for these organs in neonates. Our next goal is to establish a reference range for the size of individual structures in the neonatal larynx and trachea. This study also develops a universal method for ultrasonic assessment of vocal cord mobility in dynamic examinations and establishes.

Another aim of this study is to facilitate the use of noninvasive tests, such as ultrasonography, in diagnosing laryngeal and tracheal disease in the youngest patients. In addition, this study aims to develop an artificial intelligence algorithm based on artificial neural networks, which should facilitate laryngeal and tracheal diagnosis in the future.

Discussion

The main aim of this study is to accurately describe the ultrasonic anatomy of the larynx and trachea and to establish laboratory criteria for these organs in neonates. Our next goal is to establish a reference range for the size of individual structures in the neonatal larynx and trachea.

This study also develops a universal method for ultrasonic assessment of vocal cord mobility in dynamic examinations and establishes. Another aim of this study is to facilitate the use of noninvasive tests, such as ultrasonography, in diagnosing laryngeal and tracheal disease in the youngest patients. In addition, this study aims to develop an artificial intelligence algorithm based on artificial neural networks, which should facilitate laryngeal and tracheal diagnosis in the future.

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