Journal of Health Care and Prevention
Open Access

Cervical cancer; sexual health; reproductive health; HPV; screening; prevention; epidemiology

Introduction

Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common cancer among women globally, with a significant burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [1]. Despite advances in screening and prevention, cervical cancer continues to pose a considerable threat to women's health, particularly in regions with limited healthcare infrastructure. This article aims to explore the intersection between cervical cancer and sexual and reproductive health, highlighting the key risk factors, prevention strategies, and challenges in addressing this disease. Cervical cancer is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18 [2]. The global burden of cervical cancer disproportionately affects LMICs, where approximately 85% of new cases and 87% of cervical cancer-related deaths occur [3]. Factors contributing to this disparity include limited access to screening programs, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and sociocultural barriers to seeking medical care.

Risk factors

Sexual and reproductive health factors play a significant role in the development of cervical cancer. Early age at first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and high-risk sexual behaviors increase the likelihood of HPV transmission and subsequent cervical cancer [4]. Other risk factors include smoking, immunosuppression, and co-infection with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and herpes simplex virus.

Screening and diagnosis

Screening for cervical cancer aims to detect precancerous lesions or early-stage disease, allowing for timely intervention and treatment. Common screening methods include cytology-based Pap smear and HPV testing, either alone or in combination [5]. Despite the availability of effective screening tools, many women in LMICs lack access to regular screening due to financial constraints, lack of awareness, or cultural beliefs surrounding reproductive health [6].

Prevention strategies

Preventive measures for cervical cancer include HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening. HPV vaccination, targeting adolescents before sexual debut, has demonstrated efficacy in reducing the incidence of HPV infections and cervical precancerous lesions [7]. However, vaccination coverage remains inadequate in many regions, particularly in LMICs where access to vaccines is limited.

Challenges and future directions

Addressing cervical cancer requires a comprehensive approach that addresses both individual-level risk factors and systemic barriers to healthcare access. Challenges include stigma associated with cervical cancer and reproductive health issues, limited availability of HPV vaccines and screening services in LMICs, and the need for culturally sensitive interventions. Future directions should focus on expanding access to preventive measures, improving health education and awareness, and strengthening healthcare infrastructure in underserved communities [8-10].

Conclusion

Cervical cancer remains a significant public health challenge, particularly in LMICs where disparities in access to screening and prevention persist. By understanding the complex interplay between cervical cancer and sexual and reproductive health factors, policymakers and healthcare providers can develop targeted interventions to reduce the burden of this disease. Comprehensive strategies that incorporate HPV vaccination, cervical cancer screening, and health education are essential for advancing women's health and achieving global cervical cancer elimination goals.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

None

References

1. Cai D, Lai X, Zang Y (2022)Nursing Students’ Intention to Work as Community Health Nurse in China and Its Predictors. Jou com healt n 39: 170-177.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Aazam H, Rassouli M, Jahani S, Elahi N, Shahram M (2022)Scope of Iranian community health nurses ‘services from the viewpoint of the managers and nurses: a content analysis study. BMC Nursing 21: 1.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

3. Shi X, Zhou Y, Li Z (2021)Bibliometric analysis of the Doctor of Nursing Practice dissertations in the ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. J Adv Nurs 3: 776-786.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Schwab LM, Renner LM, King H, Miller P, Forman D, et al. (2021) “They’re very passionate about making sure that women stay healthy”: a qualitative examination of women’s experiences participating in a community paramedicine program. BMC 21: 1167.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

5. Tuba B, Nur IO, Abdullah B, İlknur Y, Hasibe K (2021)Validity and Reliability of Turkish Version of the Scale on Community Care Perceptions (Scope) for Nursing Students. Clin Exp Health Sci 12: 162 – 168.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6. Shannon S, Jathuson J, Hayley P, Penney G (2020)A National Survey of Educational and Training Preferences and Practices for Public Health Nurses in Canada. J Contin Educ Nurs 51: 25-31.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

7. Soghra R, Mahin G, Elham M, Alireza J (2020)The effects of a training program based on the health promotion model on physical activity in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 25: 224–231.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

8. Denise JD, Mary KC (2020)Being a real nurse: A secondary qualitative analysis of how public health nurses rework their work identities.Nurs Inq 27: 12360.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

9. Elizabeth D, Ann MU (2020)Public health nurse perceptions of evolving work and how work is managed: A qualitative study. J Nurs Manag 28: 2017-2024.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

10. Li J, Li P, Chen J, Ruan L, Zeng Q, et al.Intention to response, emergency preparedness and intention to leave among nurses during COVID‐19. Nurs Open 7: 1867-1875.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref