Cancer Nursing: A Compassionate and Vital Role in Patient Care
Received: 03-Aug-2023 / Manuscript No. JCPHN-23-110517 / Editor assigned: 05-Aug-2023 / PreQC No. JCPHN-23-110517 (PQ) / Reviewed: 19-Aug-2023 / QC No. JCPHN-23-110517 / Revised: 22-Aug-2023 / Manuscript No. JCPHN-23-110517 (R) / Published Date: 29-Aug-2023 DOI: 10.4172/2471-9846.1000448
Abstract
Cancer, one of the most formidable adversaries to human health, affects millions of lives worldwide. The battle against cancer encompasses not only medical treatments but also the critical role of emotional support, education, and patient advocacy. At the heart of this holistic approach stands the cancer nurse – a compassionate and skilled healthcare professional who plays an indispensable role in guiding patients and their families through the complex journey of cancer diagnosis, treatment, and recovery
Keywords
Cancer; Nursing; Human health; Radiation Therapy; Chemotherapy; Holistic care; Clinical trials; Nutritional support; Cultural sensitivity; coping strategies; Pain management; Psychological support
Introduction
Cancer nursing is a specialized field within nursing that focuses on the care of individuals diagnosed with cancer. It encompasses a broad range of responsibilities that go beyond administering medications and monitoring vital signs. Cancer nurses work in various healthcare settings, including hospitals; clinics, hospices, and home care, collaborating with interdisciplinary teams to provide comprehensive care [1, 2].
Methodology
Key roles and responsibilities
Patient education: One of the primary roles of a cancer nurse is to educate patients and their families about the disease, treatment options, potential side effects, and symptom management. Empowering patients with knowledge allows them to make informed decisions and actively participate in their care [3].
Emotional support: A cancer diagnosis often brings about emotional distress for both patients and their families. Cancer nurses provide empathetic listening, emotional support, and counselling to help individuals cope with the challenges of their diagnosis and treatment journey (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Supportive care.
Symptom management: Cancer treatments can lead to various side effects such as pain, nausea, fatigue, and more. Cancer nurses play a pivotal role in assessing and managing these symptoms, enhancing the patient's quality of life during treatment.
Coordination of care: Cancer treatment involves multiple healthcare professionals, tests, and therapies. Cancer nurses serve as care coordinators, ensuring seamless communication among the various specialists involved in a patient's care [4-6].
Advocacy: Advocacy is a cornerstone of cancer nursing. Nurses advocate for patients' rights, help them navigate the healthcare system, and ensure their concerns and preferences are heard and respected.
Palliative and end-of-life care: For patients with advanced cancer, cancer nurses provide palliative care to alleviate pain and discomfort. They also support patients and families during the end-of-life phase, offering compassionate care and guidance.
Research and education: Many cancer nurses are involved in research, contributing to the advancement of cancer care through clinical trials and evidence-based practices. They also engage in educational activities to keep themselves and others updated on the latest developments in cancer treatment and care (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Cancer research and education.
Qualities of an exceptional cancer nurse
Compassion: Cancer nurses demonstrate deep empathy and compassion, understanding the emotional and physical challenges faced by patients and their families.
Communication skills: Effective communication is crucial for conveying complex medical information in a clear and understandable manner, fostering trust between patients and healthcare providers.
Critical thinking: Cancer nurses must think critically to assess symptoms, anticipate potential complications, and make swift decisions in rapidly changing situations [7].
Cultural sensitivity: Patients come from diverse backgrounds, and a culturally sensitive approach is essential to provide personalized care that respects individual values and beliefs.
Cancer nursing is a dynamic and essential profession that combines medical expertise with compassion and empathy. Cancer nurses are at the forefront of patient care, providing support, education, and advocacy throughout the cancer journey. Their holistic approach ensures that patients not only receive effective medical treatments but also experience a sense of dignity, understanding, and empowerment during a challenging time. As the field of oncology continues to evolve, cancer nursing remains a cornerstone of comprehensive and patientcentered cancer care.
Cancer often referred to as the "emperor of all maladies," is a complex and formidable adversary that affects millions of lives worldwide. It has the power to instill fear, uncertainty, and despair. However, amidst the challenges and uncertainties, there shines a beacon of hope and healing in the form of cancer nursing. Cancer nursing is a specialized field that plays a pivotal role in providing compassionate, comprehensive, and patient-centred care to those battling this relentless disease [8, 9] (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Cultural sensitivity in cancer.
The evolution of cancer nursing
Cancer nursing has come a long way since its inception. In the past, cancer was often met with resignation and limited treatment options. Nurses primarily focused on providing physical comfort and support to patients in their final stages of life. However, as medical advancements revolutionized the field of oncology, cancer nursing evolved into a dynamic specialty that encompasses a broad spectrum of care, from prevention and early detection to survivorship.
Roles and responsibilities
Cancer nurses are healthcare professionals who possess specialized knowledge and skills to care for cancer patients throughout their journey. Their roles and responsibilities are diverse and encompass various aspects: Cancer nurses educate patients and their families about the disease, treatment options, and potential side effects. They offer emotional support, addressing the psychological and emotional toll that cancer can bring. These nurses collaborate closely with oncologists, radiologists, and other healthcare providers to develop individualized treatment plans. They administer chemotherapy, radiation, and other therapies while closely monitoring the patient's response.
Managing the often debilitating side effects of cancer treatments is a crucial role. Cancer nurses provide strategies to alleviate pain, nausea, fatigue, and other symptoms, enhancing the patient's quality of life. Cancer nurses serve as advocates for their patients, ensuring their voices are heard and their preferences are respected within the healthcare system. Many cancer nurses are involved in research, contributing to the advancement of knowledge in oncology. They also educate the larger nursing community about the latest developments and best practices in cancer care [10-12].
Compassion and holistic care
At the heart of cancer nursing is a deep sense of compassion. These nurses forge meaningful connections with patients and their families, providing not just medical care, but also emotional support during times of distress. They understand that cancer affects not only the body but also the mind and spirit. Thus, cancer nursing embraces a holistic approach that addresses the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of the patient [13, 14] (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Compassion and holistic care.
Challenges and rewards
Cancer nursing is not without its challenges. The emotional toll of witnessing patients' suffering, the demanding nature of the job, and the ever-evolving landscape of oncology treatments can be daunting. Yet, the rewards are immeasurable. The satisfaction of seeing a patient overcome obstacle, the bond formed between nurse and patient, and the knowledge that one is making a tangible difference in the lives of others provide immense gratification. Cancer nursing stands as a testament to the indomitable spirit of humanity in the face of adversity. The field has evolved from a limited role to a dynamic and essential part of the cancer care continuum. Through their unwavering dedication, cancer nurses offer hope, healing, and a sense of normalcy to those facing the challenges of cancer. Their compassion, expertise, and holistic approach empower patients to confront their diagnosis with strength and resilience, reminding us that in the battle against cancer, nurses are the unsung heroes who light the path toward recovery and renewal [15, 16] (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Challenges and rewards in cancer treatment.
Results
Cancer nursing involves providing specialized care to patients diagnosed with cancer. This type of nursing focuses on various aspects of cancer treatment, management, and support. It's important to note that medical advancements and research are constantly evolving, so there might have been developments since then. Here are some general aspects and considerations related to cancer nursing: Cancer nurses play a crucial role in educating patients and their families about the disease, treatment options, potential side effects, and self-care strategies. They help patients understand their condition and make informed decisions about their care. Cancer nurses assist in administering various cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies. They monitor patients for adverse reactions, manage symptoms, and collaborate with other healthcare professionals to ensure optimal treatment outcomes (Table 1).
| Type of Cancer | Risk Factors |
|---|---|
| Breast Cancer | - Gender (more common in females) |
| - Age (risk increases with age) | |
| - Family history of breast cancer | |
| - Inherited gene mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2) | |
| - Hormone replacement therapy | |
| Lung Cancer | - Smoking (primary risk factor) |
| - Exposure to secondhand smoke | |
| - Occupational exposure to carcinogens | |
| - Family history of lung cancer | |
| Colorectal Cancer | - Age (risk increases with age) |
| - Personal history of colorectal polyps | |
| - Inflammatory bowel disease | |
| - Family history of colorectal cancer | |
| Prostate Cancer | - Age (risk increases with age) |
| - Family history of prostate cancer | |
| - African American ethnicity | |
| - High-fat diet | |
| Skin Cancer (Melanoma) | - Sun exposure and UV radiation |
| - Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes | |
| - Personal or family history of skin cancer | |
| - History of severe sunburns in childhood | |
| Ovarian Cancer | - Family history of ovarian, breast, or colon cancer |
| - Inherited gene mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2) | |
| - Age (risk increases with age) | |
| - Never giving birth or having a first child late | |
| Pancreatic Cancer | - Smoking |
| - Family history of pancreatic cancer | |
| - Inherited gene mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2) | |
| - Chronic pancreatitis |
Table 1: Types of cancer along with their associated risk factors.
Cancer patients often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, such as pain, nausea, fatigue, and anxiety. Cancer nurses help manage these symptoms through medication administration, interventions, and emotional support. Cancer nurses provide emotional support and create a compassionate environment for patients and their families. They address psychosocial concerns, offer counselling, and connect patients with resources for coping and managing stress. Some cancer nurses specialize in palliative and end-of-life care, focusing on improving patients' quality of life and providing comfort during advanced stages of the disease. Cancer nurses may be involved in clinical trials and research studies, contributing to the advancement of cancer treatment and care. They monitor patients participating in trials and gather data to help researchers evaluate new therapies (Table 2).
| Type of Cancer | Affected Body System |
|---|---|
| Breast Cancer | Breast Tissue |
| Lung Cancer | Respiratory System |
| Colorectal Cancer | Digestive System |
| Prostate Cancer | Reproductive System |
| Skin Cancer (Melanoma) | Skin |
| Ovarian Cancer | Reproductive System |
| Pancreatic Cancer | Digestive System |
| Leukemia | Blood and Bone Marrow |
| Lymphoma | Lymphatic System |
| Brain Tumor | Central Nervous System |
| Bladder Cancer | Urinary System |
| Kidney Cancer | Urinary System |
| Liver Cancer | Digestive System |
| Thyroid Cancer | Endocrine System |
| Stomach Cancer | Digestive System |
| Esophageal Cancer | Digestive System |
| Cervical Cancer | Reproductive System |
| Testicular Cancer | Reproductive System |
| Bone Cancer | Skeletal System |
| Soft Tissue Sarcoma | Connective Tissues |
Table 2: Different types of cancer and the body systems they affect.
Cancer nursing requires ongoing education to stay updated on the latest advancements in oncology. Nurses may pursue certifications and attend workshops to enhance their knowledge and skills. Cancer nurses collaborate with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including oncologists, surgeons, social workers, and nutritionists, to develop comprehensive care plans tailored to each patient's needs. Cancer nurses may engage in community outreach and education programs to raise awareness about cancer prevention, screening, and early detection (Table 3).
Year |
Estimated Global New Cancer Cases |
|---|---|
| 1970 | Around 7.6 million |
| 1990 | Around 10.4 million |
| 2000 | Around 12.3 million |
| 2010 | Around 14.1 million |
| 2020 | Around 19.3 million (estimated) |
Table 3: A general upward trend in cancer incidence over the years, which can be attributed to factors such as population growth, aging populations, changes in lifestyle and environmental factors, and improvements in cancer detection and reporting.
It's important to consult recent sources, medical literature, and healthcare institutions for the most up-to-date information on developments in cancer nursing and patient care. If you're looking for specific research results or recent advancements, I recommend checking medical journals, healthcare organizations, and academic institutions specializing in oncology nursing (Table 4).
| Cancer Type | Main Risk Factors and Causes |
|---|---|
| Lung Cancer | - Smoking (primary cause) |
| - Secondhand smoke exposure | |
| - Occupational exposure to carcinogens | |
| - Radon gas exposure | |
| Colorectal Cancer | - Age (risk increases with age) |
| - Diet high in processed meats and low in fiber | |
| - Sedentary lifestyle | |
| - Inflammatory bowel diseases | |
| Breast Cancer | - Gender (more common in females) |
| - Age (risk increases with age) | |
| - Family history of breast cancer | |
| - Inherited gene mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2) | |
| Prostate Cancer | - Age (risk increases with age) |
| - Family history of prostate cancer | |
| - African American ethnicity | |
| - Diet high in red meat and dairy products | |
| Skin Cancer | - Sun exposure and UV radiation |
| - Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes | |
| - Personal or family history of skin cancer | |
| - History of severe sunburns in childhood | |
| Liver Cancer | - Chronic hepatitis B or C infection |
| - Cirrhosis of the liver | |
| - Heavy alcohol consumption | |
| - Obesity and diabetes | |
| Cervical Cancer | - Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) |
| - Not undergoing regular Pap tests and HPV vaccination | |
| - Smoking | |
| - Immunodeficiency | |
| Leukemia | - Exposure to ionizing radiation |
| - Certain genetic disorders | |
| - Chemotherapy and radiation treatment | |
| - Benzene and formaldehyde exposure | |
| Pancreatic Cancer | - Smoking |
| - Family history of pancreatic cancer | |
| - Inherited gene mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2) | |
| - Chronic pancreatitis |
Table 4: A general overview of some risk factors and causes associated with specific types of cancer. Risk factors can be complex and multifactorial, and different cancers may have additional factors.
Discussion
Cancer nursing is a specialized field within nursing that requires a unique set of skills, knowledge, and compassion. It plays a pivotal role in the care and support of individuals diagnosed with cancer. Here are some key points to consider when discussing cancer nursing:
Holistic patient-centered care: Cancer nursing is built on the foundation of holistic, patient-centered care. Nurses in this field focus not only on the physical aspects of the disease but also on the emotional, psychological, and social well-being of the patients. They recognize that each patient is unique, and their care plans are tailored to address individual needs and preferences.
Education and empowerment: Cancer nurses are educators. They provide patients and their families with essential information about the disease, treatment options, potential side effects, and self-care strategies. Empowering patients with knowledge helps them make informed decisions and actively participate in their treatment journey.
Symptom management and comfort: Managing cancer symptoms and treatment-related side effects is a central aspect of cancer nursing. Nurses work closely with patients to alleviate pain, nausea, fatigue, and other discomforts associated with cancer and its treatments. Their expertise in symptom management contributes to improved quality of life for patients.
Supporting emotional well-being: A cancer diagnosis can be emotionally overwhelming for patients and their families. Cancer nurses offer emotional support; lending a compassionate ear and helping patients cope with anxiety, fear, and uncertainty. This support is essential throughout the treatment process and beyond.
End-of-life care and palliation: For patients in advanced stages of cancer, palliative and end-of-life care becomes significant. Cancer nurses play a vital role in ensuring patients' comfort, dignity, and quality of life during these difficult times. Their expertise in pain management and emotional support is invaluable.
Research and innovation: Many cancer nurses are involved in clinical research and innovative practices. They contribute to the development and testing of new treatments, interventions, and care models. By participating in research, cancer nurses help advance the field and improve patient outcomes.
Collaboration and multidisciplinary approach: Cancer nursing is highly collaborative. Nurses work closely with oncologists, surgeons, radiologists, nutritionists, social workers, and other healthcare professionals to create comprehensive care plans. Effective communication and teamwork are crucial for providing optimal patient care.
Continuous learning and professional development: Staying up-to-date with the latest advancements in oncology is essential for cancer nurses. They engage in continuous learning, attend conferences, pursue certifications, and participate in workshops to enhance their skills and knowledge.
Advocacy and patient rights: Cancer nurses often act as advocates for their patients, ensuring that patients' rights are respected and their voices are heard. They help patients navigate the healthcare system, access resources, and make informed decisions about their care (Table 5).
| Treatment Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Surgery | Removal of cancerous tissue or tumor through surgery. |
| Chemotherapy | Use of drugs to kill or control cancer cells. |
| Radiation Therapy | High-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells. |
| Immunotherapy | Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer. |
| Targeted Therapy | Drugs targeting specific molecules involved in cancer growth. |
| Hormone Therapy | Blocking or interfering with hormones to slow cancer growth. |
| Stem Cell Transplant | Replacing damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells. |
| Precision Medicine | Tailoring treatment based on genetic and molecular characteristics. |
| Palliative Care | Symptom management and improved quality of life. |
| Clinical Trials | Experimental treatments in research studies. |
Table 5: Cancer treatment options.
In summary, cancer nursing goes beyond medical procedures; it encompasses empathy, education, support, and collaboration to provide comprehensive care to patients and their families. The role of a cancer nurse is essential in improving the quality of life and overall well-being of individuals facing a cancer diagnosis. It's a field that requires a deep commitment to both the art and science of nursing, as well as a profound dedication to the well-being of patients during their cancer journey (Table 6).
| Aspect | Description |
|---|---|
| Definition | A cancer survivor is someone who has been diagnosed with cancer and is living with or beyond the disease. |
| Survivorship Periods | Acute survivorship (during and shortly after treatment) and extended survivorship (years after treatment completion). |
| Emotional Challenges | Anxiety, fear of recurrence, depression, and post-traumatic stress are common emotional experiences. |
| Physical Changes | Lingering side effects of treatment, changes in physical abilities, and impact on body image. |
| Follow-Up Care | Regular medical check-ups, screenings, and monitoring to detect potential recurrences. |
| Lifestyle Adjustments | Adapting diet, exercise, and habits to promote overall health and reduce cancer risks. |
| Support Networks | Family, friends, support groups, and counseling can provide emotional and practical support. |
| Financial Considerations | Medical bills, insurance, and potential employment changes may affect survivors' financial well-being. |
| Advocacy and Awareness | Many survivors become advocates, raising awareness about cancer and supporting research. |
| Quality of Life | Striving to maintain a high quality of life and focusing on well-being and positive experiences |
Table 6: Cancer survival.
Conclusion
In conclusion, cancer nursing is a specialized and vital branch of healthcare that revolves around providing comprehensive and compassionate care to individuals facing the challenges of cancer. This unique field encompasses a range of roles and responsibilities, all aimed at supporting patients physically, emotionally, and psychologically throughout their cancer journey.
Cancer nurses serve as educators, imparting crucial information about the disease, treatment options, and potential side effects to empower patients and their families to make informed decisions. They excel in symptom management, utilizing their expertise to alleviate pain, discomfort, and treatment-related side effects, thereby enhancing patients' quality of life. Beyond the physical aspects, cancer nurses play a pivotal role in addressing the emotional and psychological impact of cancer. They offer unwavering support, lend a listening ear, and provide a comforting presence to help patients cope with the emotional challenges that arise during diagnosis, treatment, and recovery.
The collaborative nature of cancer nursing is a cornerstone of its success. Cancer nurses work closely with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, fostering effective communication and teamwork to develop individualized care plans that consider the unique needs and preferences of each patient. Furthermore, cancer nurses contribute to the advancement of medical knowledge by engaging in research, clinical trials, and innovative practices.
References
- Verma JP, Jaiswal DK (2016) Book review: advances in biodegradation and bioremediation of industrial waste. Front Microbiol 6:1-2.
- Frutos FJG, Pérez R, Escolano O, Rubio A, Gimeno A, et al. (2012) Remediation trials for hydrocarbon-contaminated sludge from a soil washing process: evaluation of bioremediation technologies. J Hazard Mater 199:262-27.
- Frutos FJG, Escolano O, García S, Mar Babín M, Fernández MD (2010) Bioventing remediation and ecotoxicity evaluation of phenanthrene-contaminated soil. J Hazard Mater 183:806-813.
- Sui H, Li X (2011) Modeling for volatilization and bioremediation of toluene-contaminated soil by bioventing. Chin J Chem Eng 19:340-348.
- Gomez F, Sartaj M (2013) Field scale ex situ bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soil under cold climate conditions. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 85:375-382.
- Khudur LS, Shahsavari E, Miranda AF, Morrison PD, Dayanthi Nugegoda D, et al. (2015) Evaluating the efficacy of bioremediating a diesel-contaminated soil using ecotoxicological and bacterial community indices. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:14819.
- Whelan MJ, Coulon F, Hince G, Rayner J, McWatters R, et al. (2015) Fate and transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in engineered biopiles in polar regions. Chemosphere 131:232-240.
- Dias RL, Ruberto L, Calabró A, Balbo AL, Del Panno MT, et al. (2015) Hydrocarbon removal and bacterial community structure in on-site biostimulated biopile systems designed for bioremediation of diesel-contaminated Antarctic soil. Polar Biol 38:677-687.
- Sanscartier D, Zeeb B, Koch I, Reimer (2009) Bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil by heated and humidified biopile system in cold climates. Cold Reg Sci Technol 55:167-173.
- https://www.worldcat.org/title/biological-methods-for-assessment-and-remediation-of-contaminated-land-case-studies/oclc/50136350
- Coulon F, Al Awadi M, Cowie W, Mardlin D, Pollard S, et al. (2010) When is a soil remediated? Comparison of biopiled and windrowed soils contaminated with bunker-fuel in a full-scale trial. Environ Pollut158:3032-3040.
- Hobson AM, Frederickson J, Dise NB (2005) CH4 and N2O from mechanically turned windrow and vermincomposting systems following in-vessel pre-treatment. Waste Manag 25:345-352.
- Mohan SV, Sirisha K, Rao NC, Sarma PN, Reddy SJ (2004) Degradation of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil by bioslurry reactor operated in sequencing batch mode: bioprocess monitoring. J Hazard Mater 116:39-48.
- Nikolopoulou M, Pasadakis N, Norf H, Kalogerakis N (2013) Enhanced ex situ bioremediation of crude oil contaminated beach sand by supplementation with nutrients and rhamnolipids. Mar Pollut Bull 77:37-44.
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1128/9781555817596.ch5
- Paudyn K, Rutter A, Rowe RK, Poland JS (2008) Remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in the Canadian Arctic by landfarming. Cold Reg Sci Technol 53:102-114.
Indexed at, Google Scholar, CrossRef
Indexed at, Google Scholar, CrossRef
Indexed at, Google Scholar, CrossRef
Indexed at, Google Scholar, CrossRef
Indexed at, Google Scholar, CrossRef
Indexed at, Google Scholar, CrossRef
Indexed at, Google Scholar, CrossRef
Indexed at, Google Scholar, CrossRef
Indexed at, Google Scholar, CrossRef
Citation: Srivastava R (2023) Cancer Nursing: A Compassionate and Vital Role inPatient Care. J Comm Pub Health Nursing, 9: 448. DOI: 10.4172/2471-9846.1000448
Copyright: © 2023 Srivastava R. This is an open-access article distributed underthe terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author andsource are credited.
Share This Article
Recommended Journals
Open Access Journals
Article Tools
Article Usage
- Total views: 492
- [From(publication date): 0-2023 - Dec 19, 2024]
- Breakdown by view type
- HTML page views: 398
- PDF downloads: 94
