Journal of Fisheries & Livestock Production
Open Access

Zoonotic diseases; Biotechnology; Veterinary medicine; Genetic engineering; Molecular diagnostics; Vaccine development

Introduction

Zoonotic diseases, which are transmitted between animals and humans, continue to pose significant public health and economic challenges worldwide [1]. These diseases, caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, account for a substantial proportion of emerging infectious threats, including outbreaks of avian influenza, rabies, and coronaviruses. The increasing frequency of zoonotic disease emergence is driven by factors such as habitat destruction, climate change, globalization, and intensified livestock production. Addressing these threats requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates veterinary science, biotechnology, and public health under the One Health framework [2].

Biotechnology has revolutionized veterinary medicine by providing advanced tools for disease detection, prevention, and treatment. Innovations in genetic engineering, molecular diagnostics, and vaccine development have improved the ability to monitor and control zoonotic pathogens efficiently. Techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CRISPR-based gene editing, and next-generation sequencing enable early and precise pathogen identification, enhancing outbreak preparedness. Additionally, biopharmaceuticals and probiotics offer novel approaches to managing antimicrobial resistance, a growing concern in veterinary and human medicine [3].

This review explores the role of biotechnological advancements in combating emerging zoonotic diseases in veterinary medicine. It highlights the latest developments in diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutic strategies while discussing their implications for disease control, animal health, and global public health security. By leveraging biotechnology, veterinary medicine can play a crucial role in mitigating zoonotic threats and supporting sustainable disease management practices [4].

Discussion

Biotechnological advancements have significantly transformed the management of emerging zoonotic diseases in veterinary medicine, offering innovative solutions for early detection, prevention, and treatment. The integration of molecular diagnostics, genetic engineering, and novel therapeutic approaches has enhanced the ability to monitor and control zoonotic pathogens, reducing their impact on both animal and human populations [5].

Molecular Diagnostics and Early Disease Detection

Early and accurate detection of zoonotic pathogens is crucial for effective disease control. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and CRISPR-based detection systems have revolutionized veterinary diagnostics. These technologies enable rapid identification of pathogens at the molecular level, even before clinical symptoms appear. Metagenomic sequencing has further improved pathogen surveillance by detecting emerging and unknown infectious agents, facilitating timely intervention strategies [6].

Vaccine Development and Immunization Strategies

Advances in vaccine biotechnology have led to the development of recombinant, DNA, and mRNA vaccines, which offer improved safety and efficacy compared to traditional vaccines. For instance, recombinant vector vaccines have been successfully used in controlling rabies and avian influenza in animals. mRNA vaccine platforms, initially developed for human use, are now being adapted for veterinary applications, ensuring rapid response to emerging zoonotic threats. Additionally, nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery systems enhance antigen stability and immune response, contributing to long-term disease prevention [7].

Genetic Engineering for Disease Resistance

CRISPR-Cas gene-editing technology has opened new possibilities in enhancing disease resistance in livestock. By modifying specific genes associated with susceptibility to infections, scientists have developed disease-resistant breeds, reducing the need for antibiotics and minimizing zoonotic transmission risks. For example, gene-edited pigs resistant to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) demonstrate the potential of genetic engineering in veterinary disease management [8].

Antimicrobial Resistance and Alternative Therapeutics

The overuse of antibiotics in veterinary medicine has contributed to the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), posing a severe threat to both animal and human health. Biotechnology offers alternative solutions, including bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, and probiotics, which can replace or complement traditional antibiotics. Biopharmaceuticals, such as monoclonal antibodies, are also emerging as targeted therapies for bacterial and viral infections, reducing the reliance on conventional antimicrobials [9].

One Health Implications and Future Perspectives

The One Health approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, highlighting the need for collaborative efforts in managing zoonotic diseases. Biotechnological interventions in veterinary medicine not only protect animal health but also prevent spillover events that can lead to human pandemics. Future research should focus on enhancing biosafety measures, developing cost-effective diagnostic tools, and expanding the use of artificial intelligence in disease surveillance. Additionally, policy frameworks should support the responsible implementation of biotechnological innovations to ensure ethical and sustainable disease management practices [10].

Conclusion

Biotechnology continues to play a pivotal role in addressing emerging zoonotic diseases in veterinary medicine. By integrating advanced diagnostic tools, vaccine innovations, genetic engineering, and alternative therapeutics, veterinary professionals can improve disease control strategies and reduce zoonotic transmission risks. As global health challenges evolve, the adoption of biotechnology-driven solutions will be essential in safeguarding both animal and human populations from future infectious disease threats.

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