Journal of Traditional Medicine & Clinical Naturopathy
Open Access

Parkinson’s disease; Ayurvedic nootropics; Caenorhabditis elegans; Dopaminergic neurons

Introduction

The development of different therapeutic and preventive strategies, such as vaccination, anti-microbial treatment, and antiviral treatment has markedly reduced life-threatening diseases and expanded the normal human life span. In any case, the increased life span has not resulted in concomitant increment in health span the elderly population is susceptible to age-related non-communicable diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and cardiac disease. These diseases uniquely decrease the quality of life of the elderly population. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disarranges. Globally, PD influences around 7–10 million individuals who are generally matured over 50 a long time. In addition to adversely affecting the quality of life of the persistent, PD is associated with financial and social burdens [1-3].

The motor symptoms of patients with PD include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, modified stride, and speech trouble, whereas the nonmotor indications incorporate constipation, autonomic dysfunction, rest dysfunction, tangible symptoms, temperament disarranges, and cognitive abnormalities. The etiological figure for the disease is not well caught on. Be that as it may, age is reported to be a major hazard factor for PD. The foremost common pathological changes observed in patients with PD are the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons especially within the Substantia nigra region of the midbrain, aggregation of α-synuclein in the neurons, and decreased dopamine levels in the brain [4]. Currently, the treatment for PD mainly involves supplementation of dopamine, which empowers as it were the management of the symptoms. Additionally, the long-term supplementation of dopamine is associated with a few side effects. The current helpful strategies don't delay the progression of PD. Thus, there's a need to create novel, comprehensive, effective, and secure helpful strategies for PD. The integration of diverse therapies to attain synergistic impacts may aid in the fast improvement of a compelling therapeutic strategy for PD.

Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medical framework, contains an interesting approach toward prevention, management, and treatment of different age-related neurological maladies. In Ayurveda, the diseases with PD-like indications are described as ‘Vatavyadhi’ (wellbeing issue caused by vitiated Vata), which includes Kampavata with tremors being the most symptom. Ayurveda prescribes whole-system treatment for PD, which may be a personalized, multifaceted treatment regimen involving different external therapies, internal medications, and behavioral modifications. Clinical thinks about have reported that Ayurvedic interventions can be beneficial for patients with PD [5-7]. In addition to protection against neurodegenerative diseases, BM is reported to be successful in treating epilepsy, depression, and uneasiness. A few studies have reported the memory- and cognitionenhancing activities of BM, CA, and CP in different amnesia and memory models. These findings shown that these six herbs used in Ayurveda for treating PD exhibit nootropic and neuroprotective effects.

Materials and Methods

The cold maceration methanolic extracts were prepared using the dried, coarsely ground plant materials of six plants. Each powdered sample was freely splashed in methanol (1:10; w/v) in glass bottles with a tight lid (Schott Duran, Borosil, India). The blend was incubated in a rotational shaker at 100 rpm and 37 °C for 72 h. The mixture was filtered twice through a smudging paper, followed by filtration through a Whatman filter paper. The filtrates were lyophilized under vacuum to obtain the solvent-free extracts. The extracts were stored in glass vials at −80 °C till further utilize. The neurodegeneration assay was performed as portrayed already [4,5] with minor modifications. Briefly, the synchronized L1 hatchlings were obtained by bring forth the eggs, which were isolated by treating the gravid grown-ups with fading solution (1:1 arrangement of 4% sodium hypochlorite (Fisher Logical) and 1 N sodium hydroxide). The test was performed in 250-μL response volume containing around 200 hatchlings (10 μL larval suspensions), 5 mM MPP+ iodide, 9 phosphate buffer saline of new overnight grown culture of E. coli OP50, and various concentrations of extracts.

The effect of MPP+ iodide on dopaminergic neurons of BZ555 worms was examined utilizing the blue filters (excitation wavelengths from 455 nm to 490 nm). The worm was considered to display neurodegeneration if one of the four CEP dendrites exhibited degeneration, which was evaluated based on the partial or total loss of green fluorescence. Neurodegeneration within the randomly chosen experimental bunches was assessed by a blinded assessor to ensure unbiased nature of the findings. The worms were then washed thrice with M9 buffer to evacuate the adhering microbes [8-9]. The worms were mounted onto a 2% agar cushion containing 100 mM sodium azide. A cover slip was set over the samples and the pictures of the immobilized worms were captured under a fluorescent microscope (Olympus BX41) prepared with a digital camera. The worms in the control group had intact fluorescent neuronal structure, while those in the MPP+ iodide-treated bunches had loss of fluorescent neuronal structure (B) Treatment with herbal extracts relieved the MPP+ iodide-induced neurodegeneration within the transgenic BZ555 worms expressing green fluorescent protein within the dopaminergic neurons. Rate of worms exhibiting neurodegeneration upon MPP+ iodide treatment within the nearness of solvent control (DMSO) or herbal extract.

Discussion

PD contains a complex etiology with different cellular and tissuespecific occasions contributing to the improvement of engine and nonmotor side effects. The major neurotic changes watched within the brain of patients with PD are diminished dopamine level, improved oxidative stretch, mitochondrial harm, and synaptic misfortune, which result within the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Substantia nigra and other neurons. It is important to note that some of these pathological changes, such as aggregation of protein and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons are too related with aging handle. In any case, these pathological changes in PD are quickened when compared with those in aging. Ayurveda has an interesting approach for treating PD. The helpful strategies utilized by Ayurveda include treatment with powder of MP (Kapikachhu) seed, a levodopa-containing herb [10]. Additionally, Ayurveda moreover uses nootropic herbs, such as BM, CA, and CP, as well as Rasayana (anti-aging) herbs, such as WS and SC for treating PD. The clinical efficacy of traditional Ayurveda treatment, which involves the use of diverse definitions and therapies, has been previously demonstrated. The Ayurvedic treatment of PD inspired the isolation of L-DOPA in 1937. L-DOPA, which is viable for controlling tremors, is currently a gold standard in modern medication for treating PD.

Conclusion

The results of this study recommend that the herbal extracts may act at different cellular pathways, counting anti-oxidant and protein aggregation clearance pathways. Thus, herbs utilized in PD treatment in Ayurveda may display differential activities, which may lead to an additive impact on complex infection phenotypes. Future studies at the behavioral (development, nourishment detecting), cellular (mitochondrial structure-function, ROS levels) and molecular (quality expression) levels would give useful bits of knowledge into the therapeutic potential of person, nootropic (medhya), and vatahara herbs for treating neurodegenerative maladies and enable the development of safe and efficacious definitions and treatment protocols.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest

Acknowledgement

None

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