Journal of Child and Adolescent Behavior
Open Access

Autism; Child; Spectrum; Disorder; Children Mechanism

Introduction

There is a strong and consistent link between neuropsychiatric illness and intellectual giftedness and creativity. Andreasen were the first to officially identify this connection based on research conducted on students enrolled in a competitive Creative Writing Masters of Fine Arts program. According to Andreasen & Canter (1974), gifted writers had higher rates of neuropsychiatric symptoms, but not necessarily diagnoses, compared to controls. Additionally, gifted writers had significantly more relatives who were suffering from neuropsychiatric illness. There is currently no established explanation for the co-occurrence of increased ability and potentially debilitating neuropsychiatric dysfunction, which appears counterintuitive. An inverse-U relationship between these two conditions and the same neurobiological changes is one possible interpretation. In this model, the same mechanism or group of mechanisms gives an advantage up to a certain point, but after that point, they become pathological [1].

Although it has been determined that subjects with high intellectual and creative potential and a family history of neuropsychiatric illness are related in general, previous research has largely been limited and exploratory. Additionally, a wide range of definitions of both neuropsychiatric illness and ability are used in these studies. A more precise definition is required for systematic investigation of this relationship. According to Andreasen and Canter (1974), Assouline so-called “twice exceptional” individuals, who were first identified in educational studies of giftedness, are a relatively clearly defined group that exhibit both increased cognitive abilities and neuropsychiatric disorders [2, 3].

Discussion

This review will discuss how existing neuroimaging research on autism spectrum disorder and the twice-exceptional population, a term originating in educational research on gifted and learningdisabled students more generally, can be used to frame investigations of physiological links between cognitive abilities and neuropsychiatric illness. Since there is a substantial body of neuroimaging literature pertaining to subjects with both ASD and high IQ, we will primarily concentrate on intellectually gifted ASD subjects. It is important to note that, although the results of these samples do not necessarily appear to be sufficient to answer questions about the neurobiology of twiceexceptionality, they will serve as a foundation for developing testable hypotheses and designing subsequent studies in populations with twice-exceptionality [4].

It was disorder characterized by stereotyped and ritualistic behavior, sensory deficiency, and significant impairments in social interaction and communication. ASD affects 1 percent of children worldwide, with estimates reaching 1 in 57 in some regions. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), states that its prevalence has skyrocketed all over the world to 1% in newborn children. Males are more affected than females, with a male-to-female ratio that has been reported as high as 3 to 1. Multiple domains, including memory, attention, cognition, emotion recognition and regulation, and social skills, are impaired in ASD children and adults. Current agreement is that the vital demonstrative highlights of ASD incorporate 1) persevering shortages in friendly correspondences and socio-profound collaborations across different settings, for example, trouble creating, keeping up with, and grasping the associations with others, and issues in verbal and non-verbal correspondence; 2) interests that are limited and repetitive, like insisting on a monotonous environment, using limited phrases, and obsessive behaviors; 3) erratic emotions and strange and unusual actions [5, 6].

The neurodevelopmental disorder known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) affects approximately 18.5 out of every 1,000 children in the United States that includes restrictive or repetitive behaviors in addition to social and communication deficits (DSM 5). Sleep apnea, parasomnias, and limb movements that disrupt sleep are all medical sleep disorders that can affect any child. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) also have these symptoms. Children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) typically struggle to get to sleep and stay asleep. All in all, rest issues are related with more terrible debilitations in conduct, socialization and versatile working. The diagnostic tools, treatment options, and outcomes of intervention for children and adolescents with sleep disorders that complicate their underlying ASD will be discussed in this chapter [7].

Conclusion

ASD’s pathology and etiology are not completely understood. Brain perfusion patterns, regional brain volumes, excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and neural biochemical characteristics of ASD have all been found to be abnormal in neuroimaging studies. These abnormalities affect more than just one part of the brain. Instead, they are brought on by a failure in the integration and operation of long-range neural circuits. A few neurophysiological discoveries that might be fundamental neurotic reason for the side effect related with ASD incorporate huge volumes of the right mind structures related with social capabilities and language. Hypoactivation of explicit cerebrum locale (like amygdala) is connected with social cognizance and face handling, unusual synaptic turn of events and abnormal decrease of cortical versatility, reflect neuron brokenness, and diminished inhibitory capability in GABAergic interneurons because of deficiencies in the fringe compartment of small sections and variant expansion in excitation to restraint proportion in the cortical design [8].

Youngsters on the chemical imbalance range frequently arrive at consistency in daytime toileting abilities at a later age in contrast with neurotypical kid. The average age at which children would consistently use the toilet or the potty without having an accident was between 33 and 37 months, according to two studies that looked at 675 typically developing children. Contrarily, 35% of 583 children on the autism spectrum would regularly use the toilet or potty without having an accident by 36 months, and approximately 5% would still have accidents at 12 years. Also, youngsters on the mental imbalance range have higher paces of nighttime enuresis (bedwetting; Niemczyk and other, 2019; Niemczyk and other, 2018) and more frequently than the general population go to constipation clinics [9, 10].

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

None

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