Application of Innovative Bioremediation Technique using Bacteria for Sustainable Environmental Restoration of Soils from Heavy Metals Pollution: A Review
Received: 01-May-2020 / Accepted Date: 20-May-2020 / Published Date: 27-May-2020 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6199.1000467
Abstract
Currently, heavy metals pollution has become one of the highly concerned worldwide environmental issues due to their harmful effects. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and various natural processes have led to the increased release of these toxic heavy metals into the soil and water that causes serious threat to the ecosystem and human health. Hence, there is a greater need for remediation of contaminated soils and water with suitable approaches and mechanisms for sustainable environmental restoration of soils and water from heavy metal pollution. The conventional methods of physical or chemical remediation procedures involve the physical removal of contaminants, and their disposition are expensive, non-specific and often make the soil unsuitable for agriculture and other uses by disturbing the microenvironment. To overcome these problems, there has been increased attention in eco-friendly and sustainable approaches such as bioremediation for the cleanup of contaminated sites. Bioremediation is the use of natural and recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and plants for the cleanup of environmental toxic pollutants. They help in detoxification and degradation of toxic pollutants either through intracellular accumulation or via enzymatic transformation to lesser or completely non-toxic compounds. This review mainly focuses on the bacterial bioremediation for cleaning-up toxic heavy metals from polluted soils.
Keywords: Heavy metals; Pollution; Soil; Bioremediation; Bacteria
Introduction
Heavy metals are defined as the elements with high density greater than 4 – 5 g/cm3 and classified as a general group of inorganic hazardous chemicals [1]. They are not essential for growth of microorganisms, animals or plants [2-4] however, they are toxic even at very low concentrations [5-8]. The examples of heavy metals are copper, lead, arsenic, mercury, silver, chromium, and cadmium [9-11]. These heavy metals have high economic significance in industrial use; but they cause pollution in the environment due to the release of industrial wastes. Pollution is defined as the presence of any toxic chemical that cause huge disturbances in the ecological balance and health of living organisms [12].The heavy metals pollution in the environment has become a serious threat to living organisms and ecosystem [2,13-17].It became a great environmental concern because of their bioaccumulation and non-biodegradability in nature [18,19].They pose a danger to humans and the ecosystem by affecting the food chain, drinking water, land usage, and food quality [1]. Due to their non-degradability, heavy metals persist in the soil for a long period of time. They are capable of reducing plant growth due to reduced photosynthetic activities, plant mineral nutrition, and reduced activity of essential enzymes [6,7]. These toxic metals could accumulate in the human body by consumption of food such as leafy vegetables grown in polluted soils or fish or oysters contaminated through the food chain and could lead to health problems including cancer [20,21].
Recently, heavy metals pollution in the soil and water became a worldwide problem, therefore remediation methods are necessary to find a solution for removal of heavy metals to protect the environment and human health [22].Many conventional methods such as physical and chemical techniques are available to remove these heavy metals. The physical remediation techniques include washing of soil, soil extraction, soil solidification, and soil stabilization of heavy metals. Physical methods include migrating contaminated land, disposal in landfills, replacement of soil to replace or partially replace the contaminated soil with clean soil to reduce the concentration of pollutants of the particular area [23,24]. The chemical remediation techniques include vitrify technology, chemical leaching, chemical fixation and electrokinetic technology. The vitrify technology increases the soil temperature at range of 1400–2000 °C, to decompose the organic matter [25]. The chemical fixation includes the addition of reagents into the contaminated soil to form slightly insoluble materials, which reduces the movement of heavy metals into water, plants, and other environmental media causing soil remediation [26].The electrokinetic technology involves the application of very high voltage to create electric field gradient at the two poles resulting in movement of charged pollutants to poles through electro-migration, electroosmotic flow, and electrophoresis process [27]. These conventional physical and chemical methods are laborious, time consuming, and not economically viable methods. Most of these techniques are ineffective when the concentrations of heavy metals are less than 100 mg/L or 100 ppm [28]. In addition, salt compounds of most heavy metals are water-soluble and dissolved in wastewater, which means they cannot be separated by physical separation methods [29].
Bioremediation through the living organisms such as microorganisms and plants offer an attractive alternative to physicochemical methods for removal of heavy metals by changing environmental pollutants into less toxic forms [30]. Hence, remediation by using bacteria is a possible solution for heavy metal pollution since it includes sustainable remediation technologies to remove completely or reduce the heavy metals levels and restore the ecosystem to its original condition of soil. In this review, sources of soil pollution with heavy metals, effects of heavy metals on soil microorganisms, toxic effects of heavy metals on humans, bioremediation of soil using bacteria are mainly discussed.
Sources of Soil Pollution with Heavy Metals
Soil contains heavy metals naturally in the form of rocks. They are also produced as byproducts during industrial processes. Soils are polluted with heavy metals through natural and anthropogenic sources. The natural sources are weathering of minerals, erosion and volcanic activities, forest fires and biogenic source and particles released by vegetation [20] and their concentrations in soils varies according to the nature of the rock, its location and age. Refining and mining of rocks, pesticides, batteries, paper industries, tanneries, fertilizer industries, solid wastes disposal including sewage sludge, wastewater irrigation and vehicular exhaust are the anthropogenic sources of heavy metals pollution in the soil (Figure 1).Mining and manufacturing industries are the main sources of heavy metals that pollute the soil. Due to increased urbanization and industrialization, different kinds of sewage, irrigation, industrial waste, and sludge containing heavy metals are released into the soil [35-38]. Heavy metals are introduced into food chains such as grains and vegetables grown in polluted soils [39].
Figure 1: Graphical representation of pollution caused by different sources (Source: [34]).
Effects of Heavy Metals on Soil Microorganisms
Metals without biological function such as lead, mercury are generally toxic even in minute concentrations, whereas essential metals with biological functions such as iron, zinc are usually are toxic in higher concentrations [40]. The heavy metals show toxic effects on microorganisms like bacteria [41] and influence microbial populations and their biological activities in soil which affect soil fertility [42]. Bacteria are the first biota that undergoes direct and indirect impacts of heavy metals. Heavy metals cause detrimental effects on microorganisms, and the toxicity depends on the bioavailability of heavy metal and the absorbed dose [2,43]. The toxicity involves several mechanisms via changing the structure and activity of enzymes, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), destructing ion regulation, and directly affecting the formation of DNA as well as protein [44,45]. Chromium Cr (III) may change the structure and activity of enzymes by reacting with their carboxyl and thiol groups and also interact with negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA, which could affect transcription, replication, and cause mutagenesis [46]. Heavy metals like copper catalyze the production of ROS via Fenton and Haber-Weis reactions and can cause severe injury to cytoplasmic molecules, DNA, lipids, and other proteins [47,48]. Aluminum (Al) can cause DNA damage by stabilizing superoxide radicals [49]. Heavy metals can affect vital enzymatic functions by competitive or noncompetitive interactions with substrates that will cause configurational changes in enzymes and ion imbalance by adhering to the cell surface [44,50]. Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) show deleterious effects on microbes through damaging cell membranes and destroying the structure of DNA by the displacement of metals from their native binding sites or ligand interactions [51]. As a whole, heavy metals affect the morphology, metabolism, and growth of microbes by changing the nucleic acid structure, causing functional disturbance, disrupting cell membranes, inhibiting enzyme activity, and oxidative phosphorylation [52,53]. The effects of all metals on microorganisms are summarized in Table 1 [2].
| Arsenic | Deactivation of enzymes |
|---|---|
| Cadmium | Denature protein, destroy nucleic acid, hinder cell division and transcription |
| Chromium | Growth inhibition, elongation of lag phase, inhibition of oxygen uptake |
| Copper | Disrupt cellular function, inhibit enzyme activities |
| Selenium | Inhibits growth rate |
| Lead | Destroyed nucleic acid and protein, inhibit enzyme actions and transcription |
| Mercury | Denature protein, inhibit enzyme function, disrupt cell membrane |
| Nickel | Upset cell membrane, hinder enzyme activities and oxidative stress |
| Silver | Cell lysis, inhibit cell transduction and growth |
| Zinc | Death, decrease in biomass, inhibits growth |
Table 1: Factors that influence bioremediation of heavy metals (Source: [2]).
Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals on Humans
Heavy metals have ability to accumulate in living tissues and cause adverse health effects in humans [54]. Numerous human health problems are associated with exposure to Pb such as anemia, reproductive failure, impatience, renal failure, and neurodegenerative damage [55]. Lungs, kidney, liver, and skeletal systems are adversely affected by Cd toxicity. Itai-Itai disease manifested by severe bone deformation was the first report of Cd toxicity in humans due to consumption of Cd contaminated rice in Japan after the Second World War. Other heavy metals, such as manganese, zinc, and copper, may cause hypophosphatemia, heart disease, liver damage, and sensory disturbance [56]. Excessive human intake of copper may lead to severe mucosal irritation and corrosion, widespread capillary damage, hepatic and renal damage and central nervous system irritation followed by depression. Severe gastrointestinal irritation and possible necrotic changes in the liver and kidney can also occur. The effects of Nickel exposure vary from skin irritation to damage to the lungs, nervous system, and mucous membranes [57]. The toxic effects of all metals on humans are shown in Table 2 [34].
| Heavy metals | EPA(regulatory limits ppm) | Toxic effects |
|---|---|---|
| Ag | 0.1 | Exposure may cause skin and other body tissues to turn gray or blue-gray, breathing problems, lung and throat irritation and stomach pain |
| As | 0.1 | Affects essential cellular processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis |
| Ba | 2 | Cause cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory failure, gastrointestinal dysfunction, muscle twitching, and elevated blood pressure |
| Cd | 5 | Dysfunction, muscle twitching, and elevated blood pressure, carcinogenic, mutagenic, endocrine disruptor, lung damage, and fragile bones, affects calcium regulation in biological systems |
| Cr | 0.1 | Hair loss |
| Cu | 1.3 | Brain and kidney damage, elevated levels result in liver cirrhosis, and chronic anemia, stomach and intestine irritation |
| Hg | 2 | Autoimmune diseases, depression, drowsiness, fatigue, hair loss, insomnia, loss of memory, restlessness, disturbance of vision, tremors, temper outbursts, brain damage, lung and kidney failure |
| Ni | 0.2 | Allergic skin diseases such as itching, cancer of the lungs, nose, sinuses, throat through continuous inhalation, immunotoxin, neurotoxic, genotoxic, affects fertility, hair loss |
| Pb | 15 | Excess exposure in children causes impaired development, reduced intelligence, short-term memory loss, disabilities in learning and coordination problems, risk of cardiovascular disease |
| Se | 50 | Dietary exposure of around 300 μg day−1 affects endocrine function, impairment of natural killer cells activity, hepatotoxicity, and gastrointestinal disturbances |
| Zn | 0.5 | Dizziness, fatigue etc |
Table 2: The toxic effects of some heavy metals on the human health (Source: [34]).
| Heavy Metals | Microorganisms | References |
|---|---|---|
| Pb | Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, B. firmus, B. megaterium,Aspergillus niger, andPenicillium species, Brevibacterium iodinium, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptomyces spp. | [87-90] |
| Cd | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium | [88],[89] |
| Cu | Bacteria: Staphylococcus sp., Streptomyces sp., Enterobacter cloacae, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (immobilize on zeolite), Flavobacterium spp., Methylobacterium organophilum, Arthrobacter strain, Enterobacter cloaceae, Micrococcus sp., Gemella spp., Micrococcus spp., Pseudomonas sp., Flavobacterium spp., A. faecalis (GP06), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CH07) | [87], [88],[91-96] |
| Ni | Micrococcus sp., Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter sp. Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (immobilize on zeolite) | [87],[97],[102] |
| Hg | Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticus (PG02), Bacillus licheniformis, Vibrio fluvialis | [91],[98],[99], [103] |
| Cr | Bacillus cereus, Acinetobacter spp. and Arthrobacter sp. | [88],[100] |
| Zn | Bacillus firmus, Pseudomonas spp. | [87],[101] |
| Co | Enterobacter cloacae | [91] |
Table 3: List of microorganisms used in biological remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals.
Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Soil Using Bacteria
Recently, bioremediation using living organisms, an alternative innovative technology to conventional physico-chemical methods for removal and recovery of the heavy metals in polluted water and soils is accepted as the standard practice for the restoration of heavy-metalcontaminated soils. It is an efficient, inexpensive, and eco-friendly technique. It was reported that bioremediation was able to reduce 50– 65% of cost in comparison to the conventional methods such as excavation and landfill [58,59]. It also offers high specificity in the removal of particular heavy metals of interest. In addition, the conventional methods produce significant amounts of toxic sludge and are ineffective when metal concentrations are low [60,61].
The basic principles of bioremediation involve changing pH, the redox reactions and adsorption of pollutants from polluted environment to reduce the solubility of pollutants and convert to less toxic chemicals that are more stable, less mobile or inert [62,63]. The effectiveness of bioremediation depends on several factors such suitability of environmental conditions for their growth and metabolism which include suitable temperature, pH, and moisture and the level of the pollutants in that polluted site [64,65]. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungus and plants or both are used in bioremediation process [66-70].
Bacteria are the first line of defense against any toxic chemical or heavy metals pollution which have ability to develop various strategies for their survival in heavy metal-polluted habitats [73-76]. They do not degrade the heavy metals but transform these metals by changing their physical and chemical properties. They have evolved various adaptive mechanisms to survive in heavy metal contaminated environments. One of the mechanisms was through the variation of genetic material such as mer operon for mercury tolerance which can be located on plasmid(s), chromosome(s) or may even be a component of transposons [77-79]. Bacterial detoxifying mechanisms are primarily responsible for remediation process. They adopt different detoxifying mechanisms such as biosorption, bioaccumulation, biotransformation and bio-mineralization, and these mechanisms are exploited for bioremediation process. Several reports showed that bacteria have the ability to detoxify sewage sludge, industrial waste, and the remediation of sediments and soils polluted with heavy metals (Table 3) [34,35,80]. Many factors influence the bacterial bioremediation in the soil and are shown in Table 4 [2].
| Factors | Activities |
|---|---|
| Microbial | Production of toxic metabolites Enzymes induction Mutation and horizontal gene transfer Enrichment of capable microbial populations |
| Substrate | Chemical structure of contaminants Too low concentration of contaminants Toxicity of contaminants Solubility of contaminants |
| Environmental | Inhibitory Environmental conditions Depletion of preferential substrates Lack of nutrients |
| Mass transfer limitations | Oxygen diffusion and solubility Solubility/miscibility in/with water Diffusion of nutrients |
| Growth substrate vs. co-metabolism | Microbial interaction(competition, succession, and predation) Concentration Alternate carbon source present |
| Biological aerobic vs. anaerobic process | Microbial population present in the site Oxidation/reduction potential Availability of electron acceptors |
Table 4: The oxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms.
Bioremediation of soil with bacteria can be in-situ or ex-situ [81]. In-situ bioremediation is an onsite clean-up process of polluted environments [82,83]. Ex-situ bioremediation involves transfer of polluted soil from its original site to a different location for treatment [68,65]. Recently, a global survey was reported that showed the use of bioremediation technologies for addressing the environmental problems [84]. It mentioned that developed countries made higher use of low-cost in situ bioremediation technologies such as monitored natural attenuation, while their developing counterparts appeared to focus on occasionally more expensive ex-situ technologies [84].
Bacterial bioremediation in the soil can be enhanced by biostimulation and bioaugmentation [85]. In biostimulation process, the growth conditions of indigenous microorganisms are stimulated by optimizing factors such as nutrients, oxygenation, temperature, pH, possible addition of biosurfactants [85].Using recombinant DNA technology, the indigenous microorganisms are improved to degrade specific contaminants or new recombinant bacteria that have ability to tolerate metal stress by overexpression of metal-chelating proteins and peptides, and ability of metal accumulation are produced [82,83]. In bioaugmentation process, recombinant bacteria having better remediation ability are introduced into the soil. Recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum that had overexpression of ars operons(ars1 and ars2) was used to decontaminate As-contaminated sites [86].
Conclusions
At high concentrations, heavy metal pollution poses a serious threat to the environment metals and are toxic to human, plants and microorganisms. They could be dispersed in soil and consequently in human beings through food chain biomagnifications that could cause serious health hazards. Microorganisms possess inherent biological mechanisms that enable them to survive under heavy metal stress and remove the metals from the environment. Importance of microorganisms, plants and fungi in bioremediation are immense as they perform multiple functions such as improved soil quality, enhanced plant growth, detoxification, and removal of heavy metal from soil. In the need of an ecologically and economically effective method for environmental remediation, bioremediation shows to be a promising solution, especially on a large scale. However, more information is needed to combat specific organism application.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the Department of Energy (TOA/PO No.0000456319 ) for financial support.
References
- Okieimen, F, Wuana, R (2011) Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation.†ISRN: Ecology.
- Igiri, B, Okoduwa, S, Idoko, G, Akabuogu, E, Adeyi et al (2018) Toxicity and Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Contaminated Ecosystem from Tannery Wastewater: A Review. Journal of Toxicology 2018: 1-16.
- Lakherwal, D (2014) Adsorption of heavy metals: a review. International Journal of Environmental Research Development 4: 41–48.
- Turpeinen, R, Kairesalo, T, Haggblom, M (2002) Microbial activity community structure in arsenic, chromium and copper contaminated soils. Journal of Environmental Microbiology 35(6): 998–1002.
- Ojuederie, O, Babalola, O (2017) Microbial and Plant-Assisted Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Environments: A Review Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14(12): 1504.
- Nematian, M A, Kazemeini, F (2013) Accumulation of Pb, Zn, C and Fe in plants and hyperaccumulator choice in galali iron mine area, Iran. Int. J. Agric. Crop Sci. 5 (4): 426-432.
- Kabata-Pendias, A (2010) Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, New York, NY, USA.
- Duruibe J, Ogwuegbu M, Egwurugwu J (2007) Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. Int J Phys Sci 2: 112–118.
- Aziz MA, Ashour A, Madbouly H, Melad AS, El Kerikshi K (2017) Investigations on green preparation of heavy metal saponin complexes. J Water Environ Nanotechnol 2:103–111.
- Sumiahadi A, Acar R (2018) A review of phytoremediation technology: heavy metals uptake by plants. Earth Env Sci 142: 12–23.
- Baker AJM, Brooks RR (1989) Terrestrial higher plants which hyper accumulate metal elements: a review of their distribution, ecology, and phyto-chemistry. Bio-recovery 1: 81–126.
- Jalal U, Sagar Aditya G, Jagdeeshwar J (2017) Soil Pollution and Soil Remediation Techniques. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas, and Innovations in Technology 3(1): 582-593.
- Siddiquee, S, Rovina, K, Azad, S (2015) Heavy metal contaminants removal from wastewater using the potential flamentous fungi biomass: a review. Journal of Microbial and Biochemical Technology 7(6): 384–393.
- Su, C (2014) A review on heavy metal contamination in the soil worldwide: Situation, impact and remediation techniques. Environmental Skeptics and Critics 3: 24–38.
- Hrynkiewicz, K, Baum C (2014) Environmental Deterioration and Human Health. Springer, Dordrecht.
- Deepa, NC, Suresha, S (2014) Biosorption of lead (II) from aqueous solution and industrial effluent by using leaves of araucaria cookii: application of response surface methodology. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 8 (7): 67–79.
- Okolo, VN, Olowolafe, EA, Akawu, I, Okoduwa, SIR (2016) Effects of industrial effluents on soil resource in challawa industrial area,†Journal of Global Ecology and Environment 5(1): 1-10.
- Soni, S, Salhotra, A, Suar, M (2014) Handbook of Research on Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in Biomedicine, Chemistry, and Engineering. IGI Global.
- Wai, WL, Kyaw, NAK, Nway, NHN (2012) Biosorption of Lead (Pb2+) by using Chlorella vulgaris. Proceedings of the International Conference on Chemical engineering and its applications (ICCEA).
- Dixit, R, Malaviya, D, Pandiyan, K, Singh, U, Sahu, A., Shukla, R., Singh, B, Rai, J, Sharma, P., Lade, H (2015) Bioremediation of heavy metals from soil and aquatic environment: An overview of principles and criteria of fundamental processes. Sustainability 7: 2189–2212.
- De Voogt, P (2013) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Springer International Publishing.
- Martin TA, Ruby MV (2004) Review of in situ remediation technologies for lead, zinc, and cadmium in soil. Remediation Journal: The Journal of Environmental Cleanup Costs, Technologies & Techniques 14: 35-53.
- Qian SQ, Liu Z (2000) An overview of development in the soil remediation technologies. Chem Ind Eng Process 4(10–12): 20.
- Zhang YF, Sheng JC, Lu QY (2004) Review on the soil remediation technologies. Gansu Agric Sci Technol 10: 36–38.
- Goswami, D. and Das, A.K (2000) Removal of arsenic from drinking water using modified fly-ash bed. Inter. J. Water 1: 61–70.
- Huang D, Hu C, Zeng G, Cheng M, Xu P, Gong X, Wang R, Xue W (2016) Combination of Fenton processes and biotreatment for wastewater treatment and soil remediation. Sci. Total Environ 574: 1599–1610.
- Diana Cabrera-Guzmán, Joseph T. Swartzbaugh and Andrew W. Weisman (1990) The Use of Electrokinetics for Hazardous Waste Site Remediation, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 40:12: 1670-1676.
- Ahluwalia, S.S., Goyal, D (2007) Microbial and plant derived biomass for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Bioresour Technol 98: 2243–2257.
- Hussein, H, Farag, S, Moawad, H (2004) Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas resistant to heavy metals contaminants. Arab J. Biotechnol 7: 13–22.
- Mary Kensa ,V (2011) BIOREMEDIATION - AN OVERVIEW. Jr. of Industrial Pollution Control 27(2): 161-168.
- Niazi NK, Bishop TF, Singh B (2011) Evaluation of spatial variability of soil arsenic adjacent to a disused cattle-dip site, using model-based geostatistics. Environmental science & technology 45: 10463-10470.
- Niazi NK, Singh B, Minasny B (2015) Mid-infrared spectroscopy and partial least-squares regression to estimate soil arsenic at a highly variable arsenic-contaminated site. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 12:1965-1974.
- Shahid M, Khalid S, Abbas G, Shahid N, Nadeem M, Sabir M, Aslam M, Dumat C (2015) Crop Production and Global Environmental Issues. Springer International Publishing.
- Dhaliwal S, Singh J, Taneja P, Mandal A (2020) Remediation techniques for removal of heavy metals from the soil contaminated through different sources: a review.Environ Sci Pollut. Res 27: 1319-1333.
- Chandrasekaran A, Ravisankar R, Harikrishnan N, Satapathy KK, Prasad MVR, Kanagasabapathy KV (2015) Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metal concentration in soils of Yelagiri Hills, Tamilnadu, India—spectroscopical approach. Spectrochim Acta A 137:589–600.
- Rezania S, Taib SM, Din MFM, Dahalan FA, Kamyab H (2016) Comprehensive review on phyto-technology: heavy metals removal by diverse aquatic plants species from wastewater. J Hazard Mater 318:587–599.
- Wan J, Zhang C, Zeng G, Huang D, Hu L, Huang C, Wu H, Wang L (2016) Synthesis and evaluation of a new class of stabilized nanochlorapatite for Pb immobilization in sediment. J Hazard Mater 320:278–288.
- Karakagh RM, Chorom M, Motamedi H, Kalkhajeh YK, Oustan S (2012) Biosorption of cd and Ni by inactivated bacteria isolated from agricultural soil treated with sewage sludge. Ecohydrol Hydrobiol 12:191–198.
- PeÄiulytÄ— D, DirginÄiutÄ—-VolodkienÄ— V (2009) Effect of long-term industrial pollution on soil microorganisms in deciduous forests situated along a pollution gradient next to a fertilizer factory. 1. Abundance of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungia. Ekologija 55 (1).
- Haferburg G, Kothe E (2007) Microbes and metals: interactions in the environment. Journal of basic microbiology 47:453-467.
- Bruins, MR, Kapil, S, Oehme, FW (2000) Microbial resistance to metals in the environment. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 45:198-207.
- Minnikova T, Denisova T, Mandzhieva S, Kolesnikov S, Minkina T, Chaplygin V, Burachevskaya M, Sushkova S, Bauer T (2017) Assessing the effect of heavy metals from the Novocherkassk power station emissions on the biological activity of soils in the adjacent areas. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 174:70-78.
- Rasmussen, LD, Sørensen, SJ, Turner, R, Barkay, T (2000) Application of a mer-lux biosensor for estimating bioavailable mercury in soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32 (5): 639–646.
- Gauthier, PT, Norwood, P, Prepas, EE, Pyle, GG (2014) Metal-PAH mixtures in the aquatic environment: A review of co-toxic mechanisms leading to more-than-additive outcomes. Aquatic Toxicology 154: 253–269.
- Hildebrandt, U, Regvar, M, Bothe, H (2007) Arbuscular mycorrhiza and heavy metal tolerance. Phytochemistry 68 (1): 139–146.
- Cervantes, C, Campos-Garcıa, J, Devars, S, Gutierrez-Corona, F, Loza-Tavera, H, et al (2001) Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 25(3): 335–347.
- Giner-Lamia, J, L´opez-Maury, L, Florencio, FJ, Janssen, PJ (2014) Global transcriptional profiles of the copper responses in the cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLoS ONE 9 (9).
- Osman, D, Cavet, JS (2008) Copper Homeostasis in Bacteria. Advances in Applied Microbiology 65: 217–247.
- Booth, SC, Weljie, AM, Turner, RJ (2015) Metabolomics reveals differences of metal toxicity in cultures of Pseudomonas pseudo alcaligenes KF707 grown on different carbon sources. Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (827): 1-17.
- Chen, S, Yin, H, Ye, J, Peng, H, Liu, Z, et al (2014) Influence of co-existed benzo[a]pyrene and copper on the cellular characteristics of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia during biodegradation and transformation. Bioresource Technology 158: 181–187.
- Olaniran, O, Balgobind, A, Pillay, B (2013) Bioavailability of heavy metals in soil: Impact on microbial biodegradation of organic compounds and possible improvement strategies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14 (5): 10197–10228.
- Fashola, MO, Ngole-Jeme, VM, Babalola, OO (2016) Heavy metal pollution from gold mines: Environmental efects and bacterial strategies for resistance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13 (11): 1047.
- Bissen, M, Frimmel, FH (2003) Arsenic—a review. Part I: occurrence, toxicity, speciation, mobility. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 31 (1) 9–18, 2003.
- Wan Ngah, WS, Hanafiah MA (2008) Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater by chemically modified plant wastes as adsorbents: a review. Bioresour Technol. 99(10): 3935-48.
- Rai A, Maurya, SK, Khare, P, Srivastava A, Bandyopadhyay, S (2010) Characterization of developmental neurotoxicity of As, Cd, and Pb mixture: synergistic action of metal mixture in glial and neuronal functions. Toxicol. Sci. 118(2): 586-601.
- Grzegorczyk S, Olszewska M, Alberski J (2014) Accumulation of copper, zinc, manganese and iron by selected species of grassland legumes and herbs. Journal of Elementology 19: 2-8.
- Argun, ME, Dursun S, Ozdemir C, Karatas M (2007) Heavy metal adsorption by modified oak sawdust: Thermodynamics and kinetics. Journal of hazardous materials 141: 77-85.
- Chibuike, G, Obiora, S (2014) Heavy metal polluted soils: Effect on plants and bioremediation methods. Appl. Environ. Soil Sci. 2014: 1-12.Â
- Blaylock, MJ, Salt, DE, Dushenkov, S, Zakharova, O, Gussman, C, et al (1997) Enhanced accumulation of Pb in Indian mustard by soil-applied chelating agents. Environ Sci Technol 31: 860–865.
- Ekperusi, O, Aigbodion, F (2015) Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons from crude oil-contaminated soil with the earthworm: Hyperiodrilus africanus. 3 Biotech 5: 957–965.
- Ayangbenro, AS, Babalola, OO (2017) A new strategy for heavy metal polluted environments: A review of microbial biosorbents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14 (1): 94.
- Jain, S, Arnepalli, D (2016) Biominerlisation as a remediation technique: A critical review. Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference (IGC2016), Chennai, India.
- Tandon, PK, Singh, SB (2016) Redox processes in water remediation. Environ Chem Lett 4: 15–25.
- Verma, JP, Jaiswal, DK (2016) Book review: Advances in biodegradation and bioremediation of industrial waste. Front Microbiol 6: 1555.
- Azubuike, CC, Chikere, CB, Okpokwasili, GC (2016) Bioremediation techniques-classification based on site of application: Principles, advantages, limitations and prosdhapects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 32: 180.
- Chang, JS, Kim, YH, Kim, KW (2008) The ars genotype characterization of arsenic-resistant bacteria from arsenic-contaminated gold-silver mines in the Republic of Korea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 80(1): 155-65.
- Ashokkumar P, Loashini VM, Bhavya V (2017) Effect of pH, temperature and biomass on biosorption of heavy metals by Sphaerotilus natans. Int J Microbiol Mycol 6: 32–38.
- Ibeanusi, VM, Phinney, D, Thompson, M (2003) Removal and recovery of metals from a coal pile runoff. Environ Monit Assess 84(1-2): 35-44.
- Fu QY, Li S, Zhu YH (2012) Biosorption of copper (II) from aqueous solution bymycelial pellets of Rhizopus oryzae. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11(6): 1403–1411.
- Mukhopadhyay S, Maiti SK (2010) Phytoremediation of metal mine waste. App Eco Environ 8: 207–222.
- Environmental Agency (EA) (2015) Reporting the Evidence: Dealing with Contaminated Land in England and Wales. A Review of Progress from 2000–2007 with Part 2A of the Environmental Protection Act.
- Ibeanusi, V, Pathak, A, Chauhan, A, Hoyle-Gardner, J, Cooper, T, Turker, L, Howard, H, Obinegbo, O, Chen, G, Seaman, J (2018) Genome-centric evaluation of Bacillus sp. strain: ATCC55673 and response to uranium biomineralization. Significance Bioeng Biosci 2(3): 157-164.
- Chauhan, A, Pathak, A, Jaswal, R, Edwards III, B, Chappell, D, Ball, C, Garcia-Sillas, R, Stothard, P, Seaman, J (2018) Physiological and comparative genomic analysis of arthrobacter sp. SRS-W-1-2016 provides insights on niche adaptation for survival in uraniferous soils. Genes 9 (1): 31.
- Agarwal, M, Pathak, A, Rathore, R, Prakash, O, Singh, R, Jaswal,R, Seaman J, Chauhan, A (2018) Proteogenomic Analysis of Burkholderia Species Strains 25 and 46 Isolated from Uraniferous Soils Reveals Multiple Mechanisms to Cope with Uranium Stress. Cells 7 (12): 269.
- Agarwal, M, Rathore, R, Jagoe, C, Chauhan, A (2019) Multiple Lines of Evidences Reveal Mechanisms Underpinning Mercury Resistance and Volatilization by Stenotrophomonas sp. MA5 Isolated from the Savannah River Site (SRS), USA. Cells 8: 309.
- Hamlett, NV, Landale, EC, Davis, BH, Summers, AO (1992) Roles of the Tn21 merT, merP, and merC gene products in mercury resistance and mercury binding. J. Bacteriol 174: 6377–6385.
- Liebert, CA, Hall, RM, Summers, AO (1999) Transposon Tn21, flagship of the floating genome. Microbiol. Mol Biol Rev 63: 507–522.
- Summers, AO, Silver, S (1972) Mercury resistance in a plasmid-bearing strain of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 112: 1228–1236.
- Bosecker K (2001) Microbial leaching in environmental clean-up programmes. Hydrometallurgy 59: 245–248.
- Blackburn JW, Hafker WR (1993) The impact of biochemistry, bioavailability and bioactivity on the selection of bioremediation techniques. Trends in biotechnology 11: 328-333.
- Mani, D, Kumar C (2014) Biotechnological advances in bioremediation of heavy metals contaminated ecosystemibeanusis: an overview with special reference to phytoremediation. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 11: 843-872.
- Rayu S, Karpouzas DG, Singh BK (2012) Emerging technologies in bioremediation: constraints and opportunities. Biodegradation 23: 917-926.
- Elekwachi, CO, Andresen, J, Hodgman, TC (2014) Global use of bioremediation technologies for decontamination of ecosystems. J Bioremed Bioeg 5: 1–9.
- Guarino, C, Spada, V, Sciarrillo, R (2017) Assessment of three approaches of bioremediation (Natural Attenuation, Landfarming and Bioagumentation - Assistited Landfarming) for a petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated soil. Chemosphere 170: 10-16.
- Mateos, LM, Villadangos, AF, de la Rubia, AG, Mourenza, A, Marcos-Pascual, L, et al (2017) The arsenic detoxification system in corynebacteria: basis and application for bioremediation and redox control. Advances in Applied Microbiology 99: 103–137.
- Kumaran NS, Sundaramanicam A, Bragadeeswaran S (2011) Adsorption studies on heavy metals by isolated cyanobacterial strain (nostoc sp.) from uppanar estuarine water, southeast coast of India. J Appl Sci Res 7: 1609–1615.
- De J, Ramaiah N, Vardanyan L (2008) Detoxification of toxic heavy metals by marine bacteria highly resistant to mercury. Mar Biotechnol 10: 471–477.
- Puyen ZM, Villagrasa E, Maldonado J, Diestra E, Esteve I, Sole A (2012) Biosorption of lead and copper by heavy-metal tolerant Micrococcus luteus DE2008. Bioresour Technol 126: 233–237.
- Abioye OP, Oyewole OA, Oyeleke SB, Adeyemi MO, Orukotan AA (2018) Biosorption of lead, chromium and cadmium in tannery effluent using indigenous microorganisms. Brazil J Biol Sci 5(9): 25– 32.
- Jafari SA, Cheraghi S, Mirbakhsh M, Mirza R, Maryamabadi A (2015) Employing response surface methodology for optimization of mercury bioremediation by Vibrio parahaemolyticus PG02 in coastal sediments of Bushehr, Iran. Clean 43: 118–126.
- Kim SY, Kim JH, Kim CJ, Oh DK (1996) Metal adsorption of the polysaccharide produced from Methylo bacterium organophilum. Biotechnol Lett 18: 1161–1164.
- Kim SO, Moon SH, Kim KW (2001) Removal of heavy metals from soils using enhanced electro kinetic soil processing. Water Air Soil Pollut 125: 259–272.
- Roane TM, Pepper LI (2000) Environmental microbiology. Academic Press, London.
- Marzan LW, Hossain M, Mina SA, Akter Y, Chowdhury AMMA (2017) Isolation and biochemical characterization of heavy-metal resistant bacteria from tannery effluent in Chittagong city, Bangladesh: bioremediation viewpoint. Egypt J Aquat Res 43: 65–74.
- Ashokkumar P, Loashini VM, Bhavya V (2017) Effect of pH, temperature and biomass on biosorption of heavy metals by Sphaerotilus natans. Int J Microbiol Mycol 6: 32–38.
- Congeevaram S, Dhanarani S, Park J, Dexilin M, Thamaraiselvi K (2007) Biosorption of chromium and nickel by heavy metal resistant fungal and bacterial isolates. J Hazard Mater 146: 270–277.
- Al-Garni SM, Ghanem KM, Ibrahim AS (2010) Biosorption of mercury by capsulated and slime layer forming Gram–ve bacilli from an aqueous solution. Afr J Biotechnol 9: 6413–6421.
- Saranya K, Sundaramanickam A, Shekhar S, Swaminathan S, Balasubramanian T (2017, 2017) Bioremediation of mercury by Vibrio fluvialis screened from industrial effluents. Biomed Res Int: 6509648, 6 pages.
- Singh N, Tuhina V, Rajeeva G (2013) Detoxification of hexavalent chromium by an indigenous facultative anaerobic Bacillus cereus strain isolated from tannery effluent. Afr J Biotechnol 12: 1091–1103.
- Salehizadeh H, Shojaosadati SA (2003) Removal of metal ions from aqueous solution by polysaccharide produced from Bacillus firmus. Water Res 37: 4231–4235.
- Kim IH, Choi JH, Joo JO, Kim YK, Choi JW, Oh BK (2015) Development of a microbe-zeolite carrier for the effective elimination of heavy metals from seawater. J Microbiol Biotechnol 25: 1542–1546.
- Muneer B, Iqbal MJ, Shakoori FR, Shakoori AR (2013) Tolerance and biosorption of mercury by microbial consortia: potential use in bioemediation of wastewater. Pak J Zool 45: 247–254.
Citation: Hoyle-Gardner J, Badisa VLD, Ibeanusi V, Mwashote B, Jones W, Brown A (2020) Application of Innovative Bioremediation Technique using Bacteria for Sustainable Environmental Restoration of Soils from Heavy Metals Pollution: A Review. J Bioremed Biodeg 11: 467. DOI: 10.4172/2155-6199.1000467
Copyright: © 2020 Hoyle-Gardner J. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Share This Article
Recommended Journals
Open Access Journals
Article Tools
Article Usage
- Total views: 2849
- [From(publication date): 0-2020 - Dec 22, 2024]
- Breakdown by view type
- HTML page views: 2196
- PDF downloads: 653
