Journal of Oncology Research and Treatment
Open Access

In Renal cancer, another name for kidney cancer, is a kind of cancer that starts in the kidneys, which are essential organs that filter waste from the blood and create urine. It makes up around 2%-3% of all adult malignancies, and most of the cases affect those over 45. For kidney cancer to be detected early and managed effectively, it is crucial to comprehend the origins, identify the symptoms, and investigate available treatments.

Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and staging of kidney cancer

Although there are a number of risk factors that have been found to raise the chance of acquiring kidney cancer, the specific etiology of the disease is frequently unclear. The following are a few of these: Longterm dialysis therapy for chronic kidney disease; smoking tobacco; obesity; hypertension; family history of kidney cancer; and specific genetic disorders including Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease or hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma. The development of kidney cancer may also be facilitated by exposure to certain environmental chemicals or occupational risks, such as trichloroethylene, asbestos, or cadmium.

Kidney cancer may not show any signs in its early stages, and imaging tests done for other medical illnesses may accidentally reveal the disease. But when the disease becomes worse, frequent symptoms including hematuria (blood in the urine), a palpable tumor or lump in the abdomen, persistent side or lower back discomfort or pressure, unexplained weight loss, exhaustion, fever, or night sweats might appear. Depending on the tumor's location, size, and effect on surrounding tissues or organs, these symptoms may change.

A review of the patient's medical history, a physical examination, imaging studies (such as an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI), and confirmatory tests (such as a biopsy to look at a tissue sample under a microscope) are usually used to diagnose kidney cancer. Following diagnosis, kidney cancer is staged according to the tumor's size, the degree to which it has spread to neighboring lymph nodes or distant organs, and additional variables such tumor grade and histology. Prognosis and treatment choices are aided by staging.

Treatment options for kidney cancer

Surgery: The excision of the tumor and surrounding tissue surgically is the main therapy for localized kidney cancer. While a radical nephrectomy the removal of the entire kidney might be required in certain circumstances, partial nephrectomy the removal of a portion of the kidney may be performed in others to preserve renal function. Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery are examples of minimally invasive procedures that can be utilized to reduce surgical trauma and speed up recovery.

Targeted therapy: Drugs used in targeted treatment function by obstructing certain molecules that are necessary for the development and spread of cancer. Certain drugs, including cabozantinib, sunitinib, pazopanib, and axitinib, block the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, while others, like everolimus and temsirolimus, target the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) pathway. Advanced or metastatic kidney cancer may be treated with these targeted medicines alone or in conjunction with other forms of care.

Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy medications, which stimulate Tcell activity or inhibit immunological checkpoints, improve the body's immune response against cancer cells. Examples of these medications include nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab. For patients with advanced or metastatic kidney cancer, especially those who have not responded to previous therapies, immunotherapy has emerged as a potentially effective therapeutic option.

Radiation therapy: Radiation treatment targets and kills cancer cells with high-energy beams. Patients who are not candidates for surgery can use it as their first line of treatment for localized kidney cancer. Patients with advanced or metastatic illness can use it as palliative therapy to reduce their tumors and improve symptoms.

Chemotherapy: Compared to other cancer forms, kidney cancer is treated with chemotherapy less frequently. They could, however, be taken into consideration in specific circumstances, such as when kidney cancer has progressed to other organs or when all other options have been exhausted. Chemotherapy medications like vinblastine, gemcitabine, or capecitabine can be used either by itself or in conjunction with other forms of treatment.

Kidney cancer is a multifaceted illness with a wide range of causes, signs, and therapies. For kidney cancer patients to have better outcomes and a higher quality of life, early identification and timely treatments are essential. Healthcare professionals may improve patient care and assist those impacted by this difficult disease by comprehending the risk factors, identifying the symptoms, and investigating the many treatment options. Prospective developments in personalized medicine and ongoing research provide optimism for further advancements in kidney cancer care, ultimately leading to higher patient survival rates and improved overall quality of life.