Biochemistry & Physiology: Open Access
Open Access

CRISPR; Genetic disorders; Genome editing; Cas proteins; Gene therapy; Personalized medicine

Introduction

Genetic disorders are a significant health challenge worldwide, affecting millions of individuals with inherited conditions that often lack effective treatments [1]. Traditional approaches to treating genetic disorders, such as gene therapy and small molecule drugs, have limitations in terms of specificity and efficacy. The advent of CRISPR technology has offered a promising alternative by enabling precise editing of the genome [2,3]. CRISPR-Cas systems, derived from bacterial immune systems, have been adapted into versatile tools for targeted genome editing.

Principles of CRISPR-cas systems

CRISPR-Cas systems consist of two main components: guide RNA (gRNA) and Cas proteins. The gRNA directs the Cas protein to a specific DNA sequence, where it induces a double-stranded break [4]. This break can be repaired by cellular mechanisms such as nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR), allowing for gene knockout, correction, or insertion.

CRISPR-based tools

Recent advancements in CRISPR technology have led to the development of various tools beyond simple genome editing. These include base editors for precise nucleotide substitutions, prime editing for targeted sequence modifications without double-strand breaks, and epigenome editing tools for regulating gene expression levels [5-6].

Delivery methods

Effective delivery of CRISPR components into target cells remains a critical challenge. Delivery methods include viral vectors (e.g., adenoassociated viruses), lipid nanoparticles, and physical methods such as electroporation [7]. Each method has advantages and limitations depending on the target tissue and desired outcome.

Applications in genetic disorders

CRISPR technology holds great promise for treating a wide range of genetic disorders, including cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Huntington’s disease. Case studies and preclinical research have demonstrated successful correction of disease-causing mutations in cellular and animal models [8].

Ethical considerations

The ethical implications of CRISPR technology in germline editing and off-target effects are topics of ongoing debate. Regulatory frameworks vary globally, with guidelines evolving to address concerns related to safety, equity, and consent in clinical applications [9].

Clinical trials and case studies

Several clinical trials are underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CRISPR-based therapies in humans. Early results from trials targeting blood disorders have shown promising outcomes, paving the way for broader applications in other genetic conditions.

Current challenges

Despite its potential, CRISPR technology faces challenges such as off-target effects, immune responses to delivery vehicles, and efficiency of editing in specific cell types [10]. Continued research is needed to optimize delivery methods and enhance editing precision.

Future perspectives

Future directions for CRISPR technology include improving specificity through engineering Cas proteins, developing novel delivery strategies, and expanding applications to complex genetic disorders. Personalized medicine approaches based on individual genomic profiles are envisioned, with potential benefits for patient outcomes and healthcare economics.

Conclusion

In conclusion, CRISPR technology represents a transformative approach to treating genetic disorders by enabling precise genome editing. Ongoing research and clinical trials are essential for advancing CRISPR-based therapies toward safe and effective treatments for a broader range of patients. Addressing ethical considerations and overcoming technical challenges will be crucial for realizing the full potential of CRISPR in personalized medicine.

References

1. Macias H, Hinck L (2022)Mammary gland development.Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 1: 533-537.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Adlanmerini M, Solinhac R, Abot A, Fabre A, Raymond-Letron I, et al. (2014)Mutation of the palmitoylation site of estrogen receptor α in vivo reveals tissue-specific roles for membrane versus nuclear actions. Prot of Natio Aca Science 111: 283–90.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

3. Pandya S, Moore R (2021)Breast development and anatomy.Clin Obstet Gynecol54: 91-95.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Yan C, Wentao G, Kanimozhi GR, Defu Tian B (2020)Ginsenoside Rg1 Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Prevents Carcinogen-Induced Breast Tumorigenesis in Sprague Dawley Rats. Evid Comple & Alter Med 2: 34-46.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

5. Shah P, Roth A, Goya R, Oloumi A, Ha G (2018)The clonal and mutational evolution spectrum of primary triple-negative breast cancers. Nature486: 395–399.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6. Etti IC, Abdullah A, Kadir P (2017)Molecular mechanism of the anticancer effect of artonin E in MDA-MB 231 triple negative breast cancer cells. PLoS One 12: 1823-57.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

7. Lawrence MS, Stojanov P, Polak P, Kryukov GV, Cibulskis K, et al. (2020)Mutational heterogeneity in cancer and the search for new cancer-associated genes.J of Onco l499: 214–218.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

8. Deng YM, Yang F, Xu P (2015)Combined salvianolic acid B and ginsenoside Rg1 exerts cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. PLoS One 10: 234-245.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

9. Novotny L, Sharaf L, Abdel-Hamid ME, Brtko J (2018)Stability studies of endocrine disrupting tributyltin and triphenyltin compounds in an artificial sea water model. Gen Physiol Biophys 37: 93–99.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

10. Bodo J, Hunakova L, Kvasnicka P, Jakubikova J, Duraj J, et al. (2006)Sensitization for cisplatin-induced apoptosis by isothiocyanate E-4IB leads to signaling pathways alterations.Br J Cancer 95: 1348–1353.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref