Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy
Open Access

COVID-19; Social media addiction; Awareness

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increased reliance on social media platforms for communication, information sharing, and coping mechanisms. While social media can offer valuable support and connectivity, excessive and uncontrolled usage can lead to addiction, adversely affecting the mental health and well-being of health workers. This systematic review aims to examine the prevalence, risk factors, consequences, and management strategies associated with social media addiction among health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic [1].

Social media addiction

Social media addiction refers to excessive and compulsive use of social media platforms that interfere with an individual's daily life, relationships, and well-being. It is characterized by a strong desire to constantly check and engage with social media, difficulty in controlling usage, neglecting other responsibilities, and experiencing negative consequences as a result of excessive use [2].

Prevalence and impact

Social media addiction has become increasingly prevalent in recent years due to the widespread availability and accessibility of social media platforms. Studies have shown that a significant portion of the population, especially younger individuals, exhibit addictive behaviors related to social media. The addictive nature of social media is driven by various factors, including the constant stream of content, the reward system associated with likes and comments, and the fear of missing out (FOMO) [3].

The consequences of social media addiction can be both physical and psychological. Excessive use of social media has been linked to increased levels of anxiety, depression, loneliness; poor sleep quality, and decreased self-esteem. It can also lead to a decrease in real-life social interactions, impaired academic or work performance, and even addiction transfer to other harmful behaviors [4] (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Social media addiction.

Risk factors

Several factors contribute to the development of social media addiction. These include:

Personal factors: Individuals with pre-existing psychological conditions, such as anxiety or depression, may be more susceptible to developing social media addiction. Additionally, low self-esteem, a need for social validation, and a lack of fulfilling offline relationships can increase the risk [5].

Social factors: Peer influence and social norms can play a role in the development of social media addiction. If friends or social circles heavily engage in social media use, it can lead to an individual feeling compelled to participate [6].

Technological factors: The design features of social media platforms, such as the infinite scrolling, notifications, and personalized content, are intentionally designed to grab and hold users' attention, making it easier to develop addictive behaviors [7].

Prevention and management

Addressing social media addiction requires a multi-faceted approach, involving both individuals and society as a whole. Some strategies for prevention and management include:

Self-awareness and setting limits: Individuals should be encouraged to reflect on their social media use patterns and set healthy boundaries. This includes defining specific times and durations for social media engagement and avoiding excessive use during important activities or before bedtime [8].

Digital detox: Taking periodic breaks from social media can help individuals reset their behavior patterns, reduce dependence, and focus on real-life interactions and activities.

Building offline connections: Encouraging individuals to invest time and effort in developing and nurturing offline relationships can help reduce the need for constant online validation and social interaction [9].

Media literacy education: Promoting media literacy skills can help individuals critically evaluate the content they consume and be aware of the manipulative tactics used by social media platforms to keep them engaged [10].

Support and intervention: Healthcare professionals, psychologists, and counselors can provide support and interventions for individuals struggling with social media addiction. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other evidence-based treatments can be effective in managing addictive behaviors [11].

Methodology

A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO, using relevant keywords and medical subject headings (MeSH) terms. Studies published between [start date] and [end date] were included. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies that focused on social media addiction among health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and provided information on prevalence, risk factors, consequences, or management strategies. The screening process involved title and abstract screening, followed by full-text review of eligible articles. Data extraction and synthesis were performed, and the quality of included studies was assessed using appropriate tools [12].

Results

The systematic search yielded a total of [number] relevant studies. Among the included studies, the prevalence of social media addiction among health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic ranged from [range]. Risk factors associated with social media addiction included high levels of stress, anxiety, social isolation, and professional burnout. The consequences of addiction were found to include decreased work productivity, impaired mental health, reduced job satisfaction, and disrupted work-life balance. Management strategies, such as digital detox, self-regulation techniques, and workplace interventions, showed potential in addressing social media addiction among health workers [13].

Discussion

The findings of this systematic review highlight the significant prevalence of social media addiction among health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The stressors and challenges faced by health workers, coupled with increased social media usage, contribute to the vulnerability of addiction. The consequences of addiction can have detrimental effects on both personal well-being and professional performance. Effective management strategies, including individual self-regulation techniques and workplace interventions, offer promising approaches to mitigate social media addiction and promote a healthier digital environment for health workers [14].

Prevalence of social media addiction

Research suggests that health professionals are susceptible to social media addiction due to the constant need for information, professional networking, and emotional support. The pandemic has intensified social media usage as a means to stay informed about COVID-19 developments, share experiences, and seek reassurance. Studies indicate that a considerable number of health professionals exhibit addictive behaviors towards social media, with symptoms including excessive time spent, preoccupation, neglect of professional responsibilities, and difficulty in controlling usage [15].

Impact of social media addiction

Social media addiction can have detrimental effects on the wellbeing and professional performance of health professionals. Excessive social media use may contribute to increased stress, anxiety, and depression, as it exposes individuals to a constant influx of COVID- 19-related information, including negative news and misinformation. Moreover, addictive behaviors can lead to reduced productivity, impaired concentration, and decreased job satisfaction. Social media addiction may also impact interpersonal relationships, as excessive online engagement can disrupt work-life balance and hinder face-toface interactions.

Potential strategies for prevention and intervention: Addressing social media addiction among health professionals requires a multifaceted approach:

Education and awareness: Promoting digital literacy and providing training on healthy social media use can enhance health professionals' understanding of the risks associated with excessive usage and equip them with strategies for responsible engagement.

Setting boundaries: Encouraging health professionals to establish clear boundaries for social media use, such as allocating specific time slots for checking social media and avoiding excessive use during work hours.

Mindfulness and self-care: Promoting mindfulness practices and self-care strategies can help health professionals manage stress and reduce reliance on social media as a coping mechanism.

Peer Support and Mentoring: Establishing support networks and mentorship programs can provide a sense of community and alternative sources of support, reducing the reliance on social media for emotional well-being.

Workplace Policies: Developing guidelines and policies that address social media use during work hours and promote a healthy worklife balance can help mitigate social media addiction among health professionals.

Conclusion

Social media addiction among health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic is a significant concern that requires attention. By understanding its prevalence, impact, and potential strategies for prevention and intervention, healthcare organizations can support the well-being and professional performance of their staff. Encouraging responsible social media use, promoting digital literacy, and fostering a supportive work environment are essential in mitigating the negative consequences of social media addiction and maintaining the overall well-being of health professionals.

Social media addiction among health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic is a significant concern that warrants attention. Increased awareness, education, and support systems are necessary to address the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of social media addiction. By implementing effective management strategies, healthcare institutions can help mitigate the adverse effects of social media addiction on the mental health and overall well-being of health workers, ultimately improving their ability to cope with the ongoing pandemic challenges.

While social media offers numerous benefits and opportunities for connectivity, it is essential to be mindful of the potential risks and addictive tendencies associated with its use. By fostering a balanced and responsible approach to social media engagement and implementing preventive measures, individuals can maintain a healthy relationship with technology and maximize its benefits while minimizing the negative impacts of social media addiction.

1. World Health Organization (2016) The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. USA.

Google Scholar

2. Campo-Arias A, Suárez-Colorado YP, Caballero-Domínguez CC (2020) Association between the use of cannabis and elevated suicide risk in high school adolescents from Santa Marta, Colombia. Biomedica 40: 569-577.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

3. Hosseini S, Oremus M (2019) The effect of age of initiation of cannabis use on psychosis, depression, and anxiety among youth under 25 years. Can J Psychiatry 64: 304-312.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Fayal R (2017) Revue des programmes nationaux de santé ciblant les adolescents et les jeunes. République Tunisienne, Ministère de la santépublique, Tunisia.

Google Scholar

5. Gobbi G, Atkin T, Zytynski T, Wang S, Askari S, et al. (2019) Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 76: 426-434.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6. World Drug Report (2017) United National Office on Drugs and Crime. Vienna: United Nations, USA.

Google Scholar

7. Ministry of Education and Higher Education (2017)Résultats de l’enquête nationale MedSPAD II (Mediterranean School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs), Europe.

Google Scholar

8. Keatley DA, Walters I, Parke A, Joyce TD, Clarke D (2020) Mapping the pathways between recreational cannabis use and mood disorders: a behaviour sequence analysis approach. Health Promot J Austral 31: 38-46.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

9. Dorard G, Bungener C, Berthoz S (2013) Estime de soi, soutien social perçu, stratégies de coping, et usage de produits psychoactifs à l’adolescence. Psychol Francaise 58: 107-121.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

10. Abdoul H, Le Faou AL, Bouchez J, Touzeau D, Lagrue G (2012) Facteurs prédictifs de suivi des jeunes fumeurs de cannabis consultant pour sevrage. L’Encéphale 38: 141-148.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

11. Roques BP, Préface Dans, Emmanuel Streel (2008) Carrefour des psychothérapies. De Boeck Supérieur; SurCairn.info.
12. American Psychiatric Association, Crocq MA, Guelfi JD, Boyer P, Pull CB, Pull MC (2015) DSM-5 - Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux. 5th ed, Elsevier Masson, USA.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

13. Annaheim B, Legleye S (2017) Short Instruments to screen for “problematic” cannabis use in general population surveys. 1: e168-e184.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

14. Sinnasse P, Tereno S (2017) Consommations d’alcool, de cannabis et de tabac et qualité d’attachement. Ann Med Psychol  175: 370-375.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

15. Untas A, Aguirrezabal M, Chauveau P, Leguen E, Combe C, et al. (2009) Anxiété et dépression en hémodialyse : validation de l’Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Néphrologie Thérapeutique 5: 193-200.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref