Clinical Neuropsychology: Open Access
Open Access

Mental health; Enduring; Pervasive; Personality disorders

Introduction

To fully define who we are as people, personality is essential. It involves our individual combination of traits, including attitudes, ideas, and behaviours, as well as how we show these attributes in how we interact with people and the outside environment. Personality disorders can lead to deviant actions, erroneous reality perceptions, and unhappiness in a variety of spheres of life, such as employment, romantic relationships, and social interaction. Furthermore, those who suffer from personality disorders might not be aware of their bothersome behaviours or the detrimental impact they have on others [1].

The 10 different forms of personality disorders are grouped into three major clusters in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)-the standard reference work for recognised mental illnesses (categories). Different symptoms are shared by each cluster [2].

Unusual and quirky thought or conduct is a feature of Cluster A personality disorders. These consist of Paranoid mental condition: The hallmark of this disorder is paranoia, which is a pervasive mistrust and suspicion of others without justification [3]. People who have PPD frequently think that someone is attempting to humiliate, hurt, or threaten them, Schizophrenia spectrum disorder: characterised by a pattern of constant detachment from and general indifference in interpersonal connections [4]. When interacting with others, individuals with schizoid personality disorder exhibit a narrow range of emotions, Schizotypal mental condition: Those who have this disease consistently exhibit a strong aversion to close connections and a lack of need for them. Their warped reality views, superstitions, and strange behaviours may make relationships more difficult.

Dramatic and unpredictable behaviours are characteristics of cluster B personality disorders. These disorders are characterised by high, erratic emotions and impulsive behaviour in their sufferers. Disorders of the cluster B personality include: Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD): Those who have ASPD lack respect for others and disobey social norms and rules. People with ASPD may break the law or cause physical or mental harm to people around them [5]. They could be unwilling to accept responsibility for their acts and/or show a disregard for the detrimental effects of their choices, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): People with this disorder have a hard time controlling their emotions, which leads to low self-esteem, erratic moods, impulsive actions, and relationship problems.

A distorted self-image and powerful, erratic emotions are characteristics of the histrionic personality disorder. For those with histrionic personality disorder, their sense of self-worth is not genuine; instead, it is based on the acceptance of others. They have an intense need to be seen by others and may act out dramatically or inappropriately to do so [6].

Bipolar disorder: This illness is characterised by a recurring pattern of perceived grandeur and superiority, an overwhelming desire for adulation and praise, and a lack of empathy for others. Low selfesteem and a lack of confidence frequently underlie these beliefs and behaviours.

Cluster C personality disorders are characterised by extreme fear and panic. They consist of Aversive disorder: Those who suffer from this illness frequently feel inadequate and are extremely sensitive to criticism from others. They want to communicate with people, yet they tend to avoid it since they are so afraid of being rejected [7], a persistent and excessive need to be taken care of by others is a symptom of paranoid personality disorder. Additionally, it involves a need for constant reinforcement, submission, and the incapacity to make judgements. People with dependent personality disorder frequently develop a tight bond with another person and exert significant effort to win that person over. They frequently exhibit passive and clingy behaviour and have separation anxiety [8].

Ocd personality disorder: This illness is characterised by an intense desire for control, orderliness, and perfectionism, which ultimately slows down or obstructs job completion. Additionally, it might harm connections.

Results

A personality problem can affect anyone. However, people are affected differently by various forms of personality disorders. The majority of personality disorders start in adolescence, when your personality is still growing and developing. As a result, practically everyone with a personality problem is older than 18. The antisocial personality disorder is an exception to this rule; around 80% of those who have this disease begin to exhibit symptoms by the age of 11 [9].

People designated as male at birth are more prone to suffer from antisocial personality disorders. People classified as female at birth are more prone to experience borderline, histrionic, and dependent personality disorders. Approximately 9% of adults in the U.S. have some type of personality disorder, and about 6% of the global population has a personality disorder. Borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder are the most frequently diagnosed personality disorders [10]. One of the least recognised mental health diseases is personality disorders. Researchers are still working to identify their origins.

Genetics: Researchers have discovered a gene that may contribute to obsessive-compulsive personality disorder by malfunctioning. Researchers are also looking at the genetic basis of aggressiveness, anxiety, and fear qualities that might contribute to mentality disorders.

Brain alterations: Scientists have discovered minute brain variations in those who suffer from particular personality disorders. Research on paranoid personality disorder, for instance, has revealed abnormal amygdala functioning. Your brain's amygdala is responsible for processing scary and fear-inducing inputs. Researchers discovered a volumetric decrease in the frontal lobe of their brain in a study on schizotypal personality disorder [11].

One study found a connection between childhood traumas and the emergence of personality disorders. For instance, the prevalence of childhood sexual trauma was especially high in people with borderline personality disorder. Intimacy and trust issues are common in people with borderline and antisocial personality disorders, and both of these issues may be caused by childhood trauma and abuse.

Verbal harassment: According to one study, borderline, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, or paranoid personality disorders in adulthood are three times more common in those who received verbal abuse as children.

Social influences: As evidenced by the differing incidence of personality disorders in other nations, cultural factors may also contribute to the emergence of personality disorders. As an illustration, Taiwan, China, and Japan have much greater prevalence of cluster C personality disorders while having very few cases of antisocial personality disorders [12].

Discussion

The traits that set an individual apart from others include their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. Experiences, the environment (including surroundings and life circumstances), and genetic traits all affect a person's personality. Typically, a person's personality doesn't change with time.

A person's thinking, feeling, and behaviour must differ from cultural norms, create distress or functional difficulties, and endure for an extended period of time in order to be labelled as having a personality disorder. By late adolescence or early adulthood, the pattern of experiences and behaviour usually starts, and it produces unhappiness or functional issues. Personality problems may persist for a long time without therapy [13]. The DSM-5-TR lists ten distinct categories of personality disorders. Long-term behavioural patterns and inner experiences that dramatically deviate from expectations are known as personality disorders.

It has been demonstrated that some forms of psychotherapy are successful in treating personality problems. The goal of psychotherapy is to help a patient understand their problem, what is causing their symptoms, and how to talk about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. A person can learn to control or cope with symptoms and lessen behaviours that are causing issues with functioning and relationships through psychotherapy [14]. Psychotherapy can also help a person realise the effects that their conduct may be having on others. The precise personality disorder, how severe it is, and the circumstances of the person will all influence the method of treatment.

Conclusion

Personality problems are not explicitly treated with drugs. But occasionally, drugs like antidepressants, anxiety relievers, or mood stabilisers may be useful in treating certain symptoms. A team approach combining a primary care physician, a psychiatrist, a psychologist, a social worker, and family members may be necessary for more severe or persistent symptoms. People with personality disorders may benefit from employing some self-care and coping techniques in addition to actively participating in a treatment plan.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

There is no Conflict of Interest.

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