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Natural water is seldom chemically pure. When it rains, organic and inorganic suspended particulate, gases, vaporous, mists, etc. in the air get dissolved in water, through which it reaches the earth’s surface. In addition, water carries surface pollutants and contaminants during its flow over the bottom. Water which percolates into the bottom, dissolves various salts and becomes rich in total dissolved solids. Thus, it acquires variety of impurities while in its wild. This necessitates adequate treatment of present water before it is often used for domestic, industrial, commercial, agricultural or recreational purposes. The extent of treatment will depend upon the top use of the treated water. Use of the treated water even once adds considerably to the quantity and sort of pollutants. This necessitates further treatment of the water before it are often reused, although it's not strictly necessary to possess water of uniformly top quality for every of the above uses. In view of the limited availability of water for meeting our growing demands, and within the interest of protecting the environment, it's essential to think and act in terms of reducing water consumption reusing and recycling once-used water, and minimizing the pollution effects of waste water resulting from a variety of uses.
Domestic and industrial uses of water add variety of contaminants and pollutants there to. Contaminants are capable of causing diseases and rendering water unfit for human consumption, while pollutants are substances which impair the usefulness of water, or render it offensive to the senses of sight, taste and smell. Contamination may accompany pollution. Domestic waste water contains contaminants, while industrial waste water may contain both contaminants and pollutants.
Industries use water for a variety of purposes, such as for manufacturing goods, heating, cooling of raw material, as carrier of waste matter, as a solvent, for fire fighting, for lawn sprinkling and gardening, and to be used within the canteens and toilets. While only a little fraction of the supplied water is present within the outcome, or is lost by evaporation, the remainder is converted into industrial waste water. Indiscriminate discharge of these waste water streams into the environmental can render soils ‘sick’, pollute the receiving bodies of water and cause air pollution by generating obnoxious gases. Treatment of those waste waters within the factory premises, or preferably their elimination at source, should be the aim of each industry. If total elimination of the waste water streams isn't feasible, the smallest amount which will be done is to scale back their volume and strength, by taking one or more of the ‘in-plants’ measures such as reducing fresh water consumption, reusing waste water, substituting process chemicals for those which contribute to pollution, changing or modifying the manufacturing process, and following good housekeeping practices. Of course, ordinary care must be taken to ascertain that these steps don't adversely affect the standard of the finished product or damage the manufacturing machinery. In addition, proper disposal of residues arising out of recycling and reuse must be provided for, alongside the treatment of the waste water streams, which aren't to be recycled or reused.
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