Figure 1: Polyol pathway: Chronic hyperglycemia leads to activations of polyol pathway which in turn activates sorbitol and fructose accumulation ultimately leading to increase oxidative stress and cell death. AGE advanced glycation end products, ROS reactive oxygen species, GSH glutathione, GR glutathione reductase, GSSG glutathione disulfide, NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.