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Polysaccharides or heteroglycan isolated from fungal species have attained wide recognition for their immune modulating functions. However, there exists a significant relationship in the structural and functional activity of this molecule. In this commentary, we focus on a well characterized heteroglycan isolated from the myceli.. Read More
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Human Interleukin 2 (IL-2) Promotion of Immune Regulation and ClinicalOutcomes: A Review
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a monomeric glycoprotein that is primarily produced by activated CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells. It is characterized as a proinflammatory cytokine that is secreted by Th1 cells. IL-2 plays a central role in the activation of regulatory T cells to produce the cytokines tumor necrosis factor.. Read More
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Activated macrophage phenotypes were influenced by the culture medium; a murine macrophage-like cell line, J774.1/JA-4, expresses different activated-macrophage phenotypes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or interferon-γ (IFN-γ) when the cells are incubated in either Ham’s F-12 medium (F-12) or Dulbecco&.. Read More
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Sophisticate Mechanisms and Unsolved Problems in the Resolution of Acute Gouty Arthritis
Only primates suffer from hyperuricemia and gout. Acute gouty attack with fulminate inflammation may recover within 7-10 days. The pathogenesis of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystal-induced acute gouty inflammation has been gradually elucidated. It is conceivable that MSU crystals possess both danger-associated pathologi.. Read More
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Cytokine-Dependent Expression Regulation of ALOX15
Lipoxygenases (LOX) are lipid-peroxidizing enzymes that play a role in cell differentiation, but have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, hyperproliferative and neurological disorders. They are widely distributed in plants and mammals but also occur sporadically in lower organisms. The human genome involves.. Read More
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Critical Role for Inflammatory Macrophages in Driving Antigen-dependent Th17Cell Responses?
Macrophages are heterogeneous cells with diverse phenotypes and sometimes opposing functions. These activities are dictated by activating stimuli in their microenvironment. For example, it is well described how CD4 + T helper (Th) cell-derived cytokines result in different macrophage-activation states. However, much less is know.. Read More
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Obesity Induced Metaflammation: Pathophysiology and Mitigation
Obesity is dramatically increasing worldwide and there exists a significant association of its prevalence with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases etc. The altered homeostasis of nutritionally overloaded metabolic cells marks the development of obesity induced inflammation. It is marked by elevated ex.. Read More
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Dual Roles of IL-15 in Cancer Biology
IL-15 is an immune-enhancing cytokine belonging to the IL-2 family, which supports survival, proliferation and functional activities of NK, NK-T, T and B cells. Moreover, IL-15 may support the growth and survival of different lymphoid malignancies, suggesting that targeting of the IL-15/IL-15R system or its downstream signaling .. Read More
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Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate concentrations of cytokines in peritoneal fluid from women with infertility and chronic infectious inflammation (CII) of reproductive system. Methods: 65 patients were included to the study: 50 patients were diagnosed with tubo-peritoneal infertility and CII of reproductiv.. Read More
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Human infections with Schistosomiasis and other helminths induce strange immune responses which are characterised by the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. One hundred and thirty sera and urine were collected from patients with urinary schistosomiasis in two villages south Elduiem (Sudan). The disease were confirmed by finding.. Read More
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